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...Halpern, Diane F. (2001). "Sex Difference Research – Cognitive Abilities". In Worell, Judith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women and Gender. Elsevier Science. p ...g and Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures, Fourth Edition. Psychology Press. p. 356. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1317350873</nowiki>.</ref> ...

...[IQ testing]] around the time of [[World War I]], there have been observed differences between the average scores of different population groups, and there have b ...idence is overwhelming that genetics explain the differences between races in average IQ, but it is extremely taboo to acknowledge this, and the evidence ...

...83 }}</ref> The cross-race effect is thought to contribute to difficulties in cross-race identification, as well as implicit racial bias.<ref>{{cite jour ...ing equal, individuals of a given race are distinguishable from each other in proportion to their familiarity or contact with the race as a whole. This d ...

Modern mental testing began in France in the nineteenth century. It contributed to separating [[mental retardation]] ...ocused on verbal abilities. It was intended to identify mental retardation in school children. <ref name=IQT/> ...

...64 |chapter=Was there race before modernity? The example of 'Jewish' blood in late medieval Spain |author-link=David Nirenberg |access-date=16 September ...enberg | date = 11 April 2009 | title = The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam | publisher = Princeton University P ...

...|date=March 2021 |title=Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias |editor-last=Malina |editor-first=D. |journal=[[ ...licated further by the migration and mixing that human groups have engaged in since prehistory. Human beings do not fit the zoological definition of race ...