View source for Race and ethnicity in censuses

[[File:Ethnicity and race in censuses.png|thumb|500px|Map showing countries where the ethnicity or race of people was enumerated in at least one census since 1991.]]

Many [[countries]] and national [[census]]es currently enumerate or have previously enumerated their [[populations]] by [[Race (human classification)|race]], [[ethnicity]], [[nationality]], or a combination of these characteristics.<ref name = "pbs">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_03-godeeper.htm |title=RACE&nbsp;— The Power of an Illusion . Go Deeper |publisher=PBS |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND1__tXqfDYC&q=%22ann+morning%22+soviet+union&pg=PT11 |title=Ethnicity&nbsp;— Steve Fenton&nbsp;— Google Books |date= 2013-05-02|access-date=2013-06-20|isbn=9780745658438 |last1=Fenton |first1=Steve }}</ref> Different countries have different classifications and census options for race and ethnicity/nationality which are not comparable with data from other countries.<ref name = "pbs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/popchar/Morning.pdf |title=Approaches To Racial And Ethnic Classification |access-date=2013-03-16}}</ref> In addition, many of the race and ethnicity concepts that appear on national censuses worldwide have their origins in [[Europe]] or in the views of [[Europeans]], rather than in the views of the locals of these countries.<ref name="catdir">{{cite web|title=Census and identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity and Language in National Censuses|url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001037352.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University|access-date=2 December 2012|author1=David I. Kertzer |author2=Dominique Arel }}</ref>

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==Africa==

===Angola===
[[File:Angola Ethnic map 1970.svg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Angola in 1970]]

The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] asked about race in colonial censuses when they controlled Angola, and they provided three options: White, Mestizo, or African/Black. Africans had to then pick either "Assimilado" (assimilated) or "Indigenato" (indigenous).<ref name = "angola">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/angola/ |title=Angola |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> Angola has not used any racial categories since its independence in 1975.<ref name = "angola"/> Tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960.<ref name = "angola"/>

===Benin===
The people in [[Benin]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1979, 1992, and 2013 but not in 2002.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Botswana===
[[Botswana]] enumerated people by race in all censuses between 1904 and 1946, and again in the 1964 census (though not in 1956), but in no censuses after 1964.<ref name = "botswana">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/botswana/ |title=Botswana |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> People were enumerated by language use in 1946 and 1956 and again in 2001 and 2011.<ref name = "botswana"/>

===Cape Verde===
[[Cape Verde]] enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Central African Republic===
The [[Central African Republic]] enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1959/1960.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Chad===
[[Chad]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1993 and 2009.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Democratic Republic of Congo===
The people in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] were enumerated by ethnicity from 1955 to 1958.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Republic of Congo===
The people in the [[Republic of Congo]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960, 1974, and 1984.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Equatorial Guinea===
The population of [[Equatorial Guinea]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1950.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Ethiopia===
[[Ethiopia]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1994 and in 2007.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Gabon===
The population of [[Gabon]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960–1961 and 1993.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Ghana===
The population of [[Ghana]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960, 2000,<ref name=autogenerated6 /> and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Major Trading Currencies |url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/06/05/group-not-satisfied-with-2010-ghana-census-report/ |title=Group not satisfied with 2010 Ghana census report |date=5 June 2012 |publisher=Ghana Business News |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Guinea===
The population of [[Guinea]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1955.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Guinea-Bissau===
The population of [[Guinea-Bissau]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1950 and in 2009.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Ivory Coast===
[[File:IvoryCoastEthno.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Ethnic composition of the Ivory Coast (note: the map is in French).]]
The people of [[Ivory Coast]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1948, 1957–1958, and 1988.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The ethnicity data from 1957 to 1958 was only for the [[rural]] areas of the country, though.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Kenya===
Since 1945, [[Kenya]] enumerated people by ethnicity from 1948 all the way up to its most recent census in 2009 (however, the 1999 census ethnicity figures were not made public).<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=147|title=Kenya: Minorities, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity|author=Maurice Odhiambo Makoloo|type=Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614023538/http://www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=147|archive-date=June 14, 2008|publisher=Minority Rights Group International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenya.rcbowen.com/people/population.html |title=Kenya - Population Distribution |publisher=Kenya.rcbowen.com |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/25/kenya-holds-first-census_n_268076.html |title=Kenya Holds First Census In A Decade, Causes Outcry Over Ethnic Identity |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2009-08-25|access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |title=Welcome to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Knbs.or.ke |access-date=2012-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424174848/http://knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |archive-date=2013-04-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marsgroupkenya.org/census/?data=ethaf |title=Kenya 2009 Census Data &#124; Population by Ethnic Affiliation |publisher=Mars Group Kenya |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref> There were some concerns about asking an ethnicity equation in the 2009 census since it came just a year after the disputed Kenyan presidential election of 2007 and the riots that followed it, but Kenya went through with asking about ethnicity in 2009 anyway.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nyambura |first=Helen |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-kenya-census-idAFJOE57O0GP20090825 |title=Ethnic question in Kenya census stokes suspicions |work=Reuters |date= 2009-08-25|access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref name="Balaton-Chrimes Cooley p=146879682110563">{{cite journal | last1=Balaton-Chrimes | first1=Samantha | last2=Cooley | first2=Laurence | title=To count or not to count? Insights from Kenya for global debates about enumerating ethnicity in national censuses | journal=Ethnicities | publisher=SAGE Publications | date=3 December 2021 | volume=22 | issue=3 | issn=1468-7968 | page=146879682110563| doi=10.1177/14687968211056379 | s2cid=244893091 | url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/150175243/Kenya_ethnic_enumeration_impasse_accepted_paper_071021_FINAL.pdf }}</ref>

The number of ethnic categories and sub-categories recorded in the country's census has changed significantly over time, expanding from 42 in 1969 to more than 120 in 2019.<ref name="Balaton-Chrimes2020">{{cite journal|last1=Balaton-Chrimes|first1=Samantha|title=Who are Kenya's 42(+) tribes? The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|year=2020|volume=15|pages=43–62|issn=1753-1055|doi=10.1080/17531055.2020.1863642|s2cid=231681524|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Lesotho===
People in [[Lesotho]] were enumerated by race between 1904 and 1976, but not after 1976.<ref name = "lesotho">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/lesotho/ |title=Lesotho |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> Language was only recorded in 1946 and 1956, tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960.<ref name = "lesotho"/>

===Malawi===
People in [[Malawi]] were enumerated by race between 1911 and 1987, and again in 2018.<ref name = "malawi">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/malawi/ |title=Malawi |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> They were enumerated by language only in 1966, 1998, and 2008.<ref name = "malawi"/> They were enumerated by tribal affiliation only in 1926, 1945, and 2008.<ref name = "malawi"/>

===Mali===
[[Mali]] enumerated people in some parts of the country by ethnicity in 1950.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Mauritius===
[[Mauritius]] enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1952, 1962, and 1972.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Morocco===
[[File:Volkeren in Marokko.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnolinguistic composition of Morocco.]]
[[Morocco]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950 and 1971.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The 2014 census enumerated people by nationality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcp.ma/Note-sur-les-premiers-resultats-du-Recensement-General-de-la-Population-et-de-l-Habitat-2014_a1516.html |title=Note sur les premiers résultats du Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2014  |access-date=24 July 2015 |format=docx |work=[[Haut Commissariat au Plan]]}}{{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Mozambique===
People in [[Mozambique]] were counted by race only in 1894, 1970, 1997, 2007, and 2017.<ref name = "mozambique">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/mozambique/ |title=Mozambique |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> The race categories in Mozambique were the same ones as in Angola, due to both being controlled by Portugal before acquiring their independence.<ref name = "mozambique"/> People were counted by language in all censuses since 1940.<ref name = "mozambique"/>

===Namibia===
People in [[Namibia]] were enumerated by race in all 20th century censuses but not in the 2001 census. They were enumerated by language in all censuses since 1951.<ref name = "namibia">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/namibia/ |title=Namibia |date=8 August 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>

===Niger===
[[Niger]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1959/1960 and 2001.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Nigeria===
[[File:Afro asiatic peoples nigeria.png|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Nigeria.]]
[[Nigeria]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1963.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> In addition, Nigeria has announced plans to enumerate its population by ethnicity in its 2016 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=115785 |title=Nigeria to include religion, ethnicity in 2016 census &#124; Africa |publisher=World Bulletin |date=2013-08-22 |access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref>

===Rwanda===
[[Rwanda]] enumerated people by ethnicity from 1933/34 until 1991.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite book|first=David E.|last=Kiwuwa|title=Ethnic Politics and Democratic Transition in Rwanda|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|page=71|year=2012|isbn=978-0415616089|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGclH0p46ogC&q=rwanda%20ethnicity%20census&pg=PA71}}</ref> Due to the [[1994 Rwandan Genocide]] and the ethnic hatred and tensions that caused it, the Rwandan census of 2002 did not enumerate people by ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/ethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide |title=Ethnic origins ignored in Rwanda's first census since genocide &#124; ReliefWeb |publisher=Reliefweb.int |date=2002-08-16 |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref>

===São Tomé and Príncipe===
[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950 and 1960.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Senegal===
The people of [[Senegal]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960–1961, 1988, and 2002.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Seychelles===
The people of the [[Seychelles]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1947, 1987, and 1994.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Somalia===
In the pre-independence period in [[Somalia]], the colonial administrations in [[British Somaliland]] and [[Italian Somaliland]] officially classified the [[Somali people|ethnic Somali]] majority within the two territories as "[[Hamitic]]".<ref name="Gbco">{{cite book|title=An Economic Survey of the Colonial Territories, Volumes 1-4|date=1952|publisher=Great Britain, Colonial Office|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8vAAAAYAAJ|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Esoa">{{cite book|title=Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5, Issue 1|date=1969|publisher=International African Institute|pages=45 & 50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szhNAQAAIAAJ|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> The Italian Somaliland census of 1935 reported that the remaining 6.2% of the area's population consisted of "[[Negroid]] groups", including the [[Somali Bantu|Bantu]] ethnic minorities inhabiting the southern riverine region.<ref name="Kmbeiis">{{cite journal|last1=Menkhaus|first1=Ken|title=Bantu ethnic identities in Somalia|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie|date=2003|volume=XIX|page=323|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2003_num_19_1_1051/article_ethio_0066-2127_2003_num_19_1_1051.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024155331/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2003_num_19_1_1051/article_ethio_0066-2127_2003_num_19_1_1051.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-24|access-date=22 November 2014|doi=10.3406/ethio.2003.1051|s2cid=162118204 }}</ref> These census designations were at the time pre-assigned rather than based on self-reporting. Following independence in 1960, no official census was taken until 1975. This first post-independence national census only collected information on district of birth.<ref name="Tmonps">{{cite book|last1=Ministry of National Planning|title=The 1982 labour force survey: analytical report|date=1985|publisher=Ministry of National Planning of Somalia, Central Statistical Department|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5IoAQAAIAAJ|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> However, the general government literature maintained that the country's ethnic Somali majority was of Hamitic stock, or alternately of [[Arabs|Arab]] heritage.<ref name="Tmoiang">{{cite book|last1=Ministry of Information and National Guidance|title=Somalia and the Arab League|date=1974|publisher=Ministry of Information and National Guidance|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FkMAQAAIAAJ|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> Similarly, Article 3 of the [[Constitution of Somalia|Provision Constitution]] adopted in 2012 indicates that Somalia is an Arab nation.<ref name="Fgspc">{{cite web|title=Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RkJTOSpoMME=|publisher=Federal Government of Somalia|access-date=22 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122013/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RkJTOSpoMME%3D|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation also announced that it would release a new national population census before 2016.<ref name="Sgtlpcaote">{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: Gov't to launch population census ahead of 2016 elections|url=http://koonfurta.com/somalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections/|access-date=22 November 2014|agency=Koonfurta|date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030155132/http://koonfurta.com/somalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections/|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===South Africa===
{{See also|Population Registration Act, 1950}}
[[File:South Africa 2011 White population proportion map.svg|right|100px|thumb|Whites as a percentage of the total South African population in 2011.]]
[[South Africa]] has enumerated people by race in all of its censuses since 1904.<ref name="southafrica">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/south-africa/ |title=South Africa |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |date=1986-07-23 |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> Five population group options are provided in response to the question "How would ''(name)'' describe him/herself in terms of population group?": "Black African", "Coloured", "Indian or Asian", "White" and "Other".<ref>[http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2011/documents/CensusQuestionnaires/Census%202011_q_A.pdf Census 2011 Household Questionnaire A]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> South Africa has also asked about language use since 1921 for [[white South African]]s and since 1936 for all races.<ref name = "southafrica"/>

===Sudan===
[[Sudan]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1956.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Swaziland===
The [[Swaziland|Swazi]] census counted people by race in all censuses between 1904 and 1976.<ref name = "swazi">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/swaziland/ |title=Swaziland |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> People were counted by ethnic group and tribe only in 1966 and 1976.<ref name = "swazi"/>

===Tanzania===
The [[Tanzania]]n census enumerated people by race from colonial times until 1967, by ethnicity and tribe from colonial times until 1973. It enumerated people by language only in 1952 and 1958.<ref name = "tanzania">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/tanzania |title=Tanzania |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>

===Togo===
The people in [[Togo]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1948, 1958–1960, and 1970.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Tunisia===
[[Tunisia]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1956.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Uganda===
The people of [[Uganda]] were enumerated by ethnicity from 1948 all the way up to Uganda's most recent census in 2012,<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ubos.org/UgCensus2012/docs/2012_CENSUS_BULLETIN_Vol1.pdf|title=The 2012 Uganda Population and Housing Census|magazine=The 2012 Uganda Population & Housing Census Bulletin|volume=1|date=March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113175759/http://www.ubos.org/UgCensus2012/docs/2012_CENSUS_BULLETIN_Vol1.pdf|archive-date=November 13, 2014}}</ref> with the exception of 1980 and possibly 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/uganda/SOCIETY.html |title=Uganda - SOCIETY |publisher=Mongabay.com |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref>

===Zambia===
People in [[Zambia]] were not continuously counted by race before independence, and when they were counted by race it were primarily the non-Africans/non-blacks who were counted.<ref name = "zambia">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/zambia/ |title=Zambia |date=8 August 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> People were counted by language only in 1931, while they were counted for ethnicity at various points since 1969.<ref name = "zambia"/> The 1969 census asked about language but not ethnic group, and the 1974 census asked about ethnic group, but not language. The 1980 census asked about ethnic group, mother tongue, and language of most frequent use, while the 1990 census asked about ethnic group and mother tongue. The 2000 census asked about ethnic group, language of most frequent use, and second language.<ref name = "zambia"/>

===Zimbabwe===
People in [[Zimbabwe]] were enumerated by race between 1901 and 2012, but many censuses were done separately for Whites/Europeans and Blacks/Africans before the 1970s.<ref name = "zimbabwe">{{cite web|url=http://institutionalizedethnicity.net/country-narratives/zimbabwe/ |title=Zimbabwe |date=8 August 2011 |publisher=Institutionalized Ethnicity |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> People were enumerated by language only in 1982 (when they were enumerated by "[their] father's dialect").<ref name = "zimbabwe"/>

==Asia==

===Abkhazia===
People in [[Abkhazia]] (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by [[First language|native tongue]] [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php |title=Demoscope Weekly - Annex. Statistical indicators reference |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated11>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=0 |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей |publisher=Demoscope.ru |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 |title=Приложение Демоскопа Weekly |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> the [[International recognition of Abkhazia|partially recognized state]] of [[Abkhazia]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/abkhazia-ethnic2003.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2003 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/abkhazia-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2011 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
Prior to 2010, [[Afghanistan]] had not held a census since 1979 due to the wars and conflicts that have occurred there over those three decades (since the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in 1979).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Population.pdf|title=Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2009-10}}</ref>

===Armenia===
People in Armenia (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Armenia]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/armenia-ethnic2001.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Armenia 2001 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99465273.pdf|title=CENSUS PROGRAMME (CONTENT OF QUESTIONNAIRE) 2011 CENSUS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA }}</ref>

===Azerbaijan===
[[File:Azerbaijan ethnic 2003.png|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan in 2003.]]
People in Azerbaijan (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Azerbaijan]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic1999.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 1999 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=1971-04-07 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
[[Bahrain]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1965<ref name=autogenerated6 /> and 2010.<ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php |title=Bahraini Census 2010 - تعداد السكــان العام للبحريــن 2010 |publisher=Census2010.gov.bh |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104234/http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php |archive-date=2012-03-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2010 Bahrain census also enumerated people by their religious beliefs.<ref name=autogenerated10 />

===Bangladesh===
[[British India]] (which Bangladesh was a part of) enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/Census_Terms_link/censusterms.html |title=Census of India - Census Terms |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2013-06-10}}</ref>

===Brunei===
Since 1945, [[Brunei]] enumerated people by ethnicity in all censuses since 1947.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001 |title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics |publisher=Unstats.un.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Burma===
The people in [[Burma]] (also known as Myanmar) were enumerated by ethnicity in 1931,<ref name=autogenerated27>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvb.no/analysis/burma%E2%80%99s-troublesome-census/21931 |title=Burma's troublesome census &#124; Democratic Voice of Burma |publisher=Dvb.no |date=2009-08-17 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 1953.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> A new census which plans to enumerate the people of Burma by ethnicity and race is planned to be held in 2014.<ref name=autogenerated27 /><ref name=autogenerated26>{{cite news|author=Sonu Trivedi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/myanmars-census-a-crucial-democracy-test/article4137474.ece |title=Opinion / Op-Ed : Myanmar's census a crucial democracy test |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2012-11-27 |access-date=2013-03-21 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The 1931 Burmese census generated a lot of anger from non-Burmese ethnic groups who were marked as Burmese on the census.<ref name=autogenerated27 /> There is hope that the scheduled [[2014 Burma Census]] will help empower the various ethnic groups in Burma.<ref name=autogenerated26 />

===China===
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of China 1983.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnolinguistic groups in China in 1983]]

[[The People's Republic of China]] [[Demographics of China|counted people by ethnicity]] since at least [[First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|1952]] but does not count people by mother tongue.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Mackinnon |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/chinas-disappearing-languages-deemed-not-that-important/article1792549/ |title=China's disappearing languages deemed 'not that important' |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date= 2012-08-23|access-date=2012-09-21 |location=Toronto}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
The people of [[Cyprus]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===East Timor===
[[East Timor]] enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1950.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Georgia===
People in Georgia (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in both post-Soviet censuses in 2002 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-ethnic2002.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Georgia 2002 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===India===
When it was a [[British India|British colony]], India enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941.<ref name="censusindia1"/>

===Indonesia===
[[File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map English.svg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Indonesia]]
[[Indonesia]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1930, 2000, and 2010 but not in any other censuses.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFNKQcvGNSAC&q=census+ethnic&pg=PA20 |title=Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia - Leo Heng Chew Suryadinata - Google Books |access-date=2013-03-21|isbn=9789812308351 |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |year=2008 }}</ref>

===Israel===
[[File:Arabs Israel 2018.png|thumb|100px|Arabs in Israel, by natural region, 2018]]

The census in [[Israel]] directly asked people about their ethnicity only in 1983.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> However, Israel has used the religion question on its census to determine the ethnic composition of its population from 1948 to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnatonenew_site.htm |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2011 |publisher=cbs.gov.il |date=2011-09-26 |access-date=2012-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914092802/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnatonenew_site.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton63/st_eng02.pdf|title= Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012 National Population Estimates |publisher=CBS }}</ref> Israel has enumerated [[Israeli Jews|its Jewish population]] by their '''continent''' of birth since 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_25&CYear=2012 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012 - No. 63 Subject 2 - Table No. 25 |publisher=.cbs.gov.il |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Kazakhstan===
[[File:Kazakhstan European Rus.png|thumb|right|100px|[[Europeans|European ethnicities]] as a percentage of the total population in Kazakhstan in 2022 (note: map is in Russian).]]

People in Kazakhstan (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Kazakhstan]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Mes/pdf/51_02.pdf|title=Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120133116/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Mes/pdf/51_02.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-20}}</ref> and 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2009reg-census.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622201346/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2009reg-census.htm |archive-date=2013-06-22 }}</ref>

===Kyrgyzstan===
People in Kyrgyzstan (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Kyrgyzstan]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206105009/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-date=February 6, 2009}}</ref> and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2009v1.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kyrgyzstan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2009v2.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kyrgyzstan 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Malaysia===
People in [[Malaysia]] were enumerated by ethnicity/race from 1871 to the present day.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/pubs/1987-MeaningandMeasurementofEthnicityinMalaysia.pdf|title=The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications|author=Charles Hirschman|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=46|issue=3|pages = 555–582|date=August 1987|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|doi= 10.2307/2056899|jstor=2056899|s2cid=162369116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021071854/http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/pubs/1987-MeaningandMeasurementofEthnicityinMalaysia.pdf|archive-date=October 21, 2012}}</ref>

===Mongolia===
[[Mongolia]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1963 and 2000.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Nagorno-Karabakh===
[[File:Nagorno Karabakh Ethnic Map 1989.png|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Nagorno Karabakh in 1989]]

People in Nagorno-Karabakh (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> the de facto independent state of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post-Soviet census of 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/nkr-ethnic2005.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (self-proclaimed) 2005 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Nepal===
[[File:Nepal ethnic groups.png|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Nepal. (note that <span style="color:#ff6600;">Kulu Rodu (Kulung) territories</span> are mistakenly marked as <span style="color:green;">Tamu/Gurung territories</span> in this map)]]
[[Nepal]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1991 and 2001.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Pakistan===
[[British India]] (which Pakistan was a part of) enumerated its population by race between 1872 and 1941.<ref name="censusindia1"/>

===Palestine===
The population in the [[Palestinian territories]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1997.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Philippines===
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of the Philippines in 2000.]]

The [[Philippines]] enumerated their population by ethnicity in 1948, 1970,<ref name=autogenerated6 /> 2000, and 2010.

===Russia/Soviet Union===
[[File:Ethnic map of Russia 2010.png|100px|thumb|Dominant ethnicity in each [[Russian oblast]] in 2010]]

The [[Russian Empire]] began counting people by native tongue with [[1897 census|its first modern census in 1897]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /> In 1920, the [[Soviet Union]] replaced this question with a question about ethnicity.<ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/.../workshop_data_stepanov.doc] {{dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> The Soviet government organized lists of ethnicities and wanted to shape these various ethnic groups in the mold of [[Communism]].<ref name=autogenerated13>"{{lang|ru|Национальный вопрос и национальная култура в Северо-Кавказском крае (Итоги и перспективы): К предстоящему съезду горских народов}}" (''Natsionalny vopros i natsionalnaya kultura v Severo-Kavkazskom kraye (Itogi i perspektivy): K predstoyashchemu syezdu gorskikh narodov''), [[Rostov-on-Don]], 1926.</ref> In the words of Soviet politician [[Anastas Mikoyan]], the Soviet Union was "creating and organising new nations"<ref name=autogenerated13 /> The government of the U.S.S.R. was eager to get ethnic data for many ethnic groups in order to create republics and autonomous regions for many of these ethnic groups and nationalities, and later on (under [[Joseph Stalin]]) in order to deport some of them.<ref name=slezkine>
{{cite journal|author=Slezkine, Yuri|year=1994|jstor=2501300|title=The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism|journal=[[Slavic Review]]|volume=53|issue=2|pages=414–452|doi=10.2307/2501300}}</ref><ref name="martin1998">{{cite journal|author=Martin, Terry|year=1998|title=The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing|journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]]|volume=70|issue=4|pages=813–861|doi=10.1086/235168|jstor=10.1086/235168|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3229636/Martin%201998.pdf?sequence=2}}</ref> The [[Bolsheviks]] also wanted to get more support from ethnic minority groups within the Soviet Union, many of whom were previously oppressed under [[Russian Tsars|Tsarist]] rule.<ref name="martin1998"/> The Soviet Union continued to ask about ethnicity for the rest of its existence, and [[Russia]] also asked about ethnicity in its two post-Soviet censuses of 2002 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 |title=Приложение Демоскопа Weekly |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2012-09-08}}</ref> Unlike in 1989, the 2002 census did not require respondents to prove their ethnicity/nationality when they responded to this question.<ref>{{cite web|author=F. Joseph Dresen |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russia-counts-the-2002-russian-census |title=Russia Counts: The 2002 Russian Census |publisher=Wilson Center |date=2002-11-18 |access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref> The number of ethnicity/nationality options available on Soviet censuses was enormous—the Soviet Union offered 194 different choices for ethnicity/nationality in its 1926 census.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nation.php |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2007-05-27 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> There were 97 options in 1939, 126 options in 1959, 122 options in 1970, 123 options in 1979, and 128 options for the Soviet Union in 1989.<ref name=autogenerated4/> There were 192 ethnicity/nationality options for Russia in 2002.<ref name=autogenerated4/>

===Singapore===
The people in [[Singapore]] were numerated by ethnicity from at least 1947 up to the most recent Singaporean census in 2010.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf |access-date=July 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327064912/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2012 |title=Census of Population 2010 Advance Census Release |year=2010 |isbn= 978-981-08-6819-2|publisher=Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore }}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{Disputed|date=November 2019}}
{{Update|section|date=November 2019}}
[[Sri Lanka]] enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1971, 1981, and 2012.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Tajikistan===
[[File:Tajikistan ethnic 92.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Ethnic composition of Tajikistan in 1992]]
People in Tajikistan (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Tajikistan]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses in 2000 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Docs/Central_Asia/Tajikistan_July09.pdf |title=Table_of_Contents_Central_Asia Series |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref>

===Thailand===
[[File:Thailand ethnic map.svg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Thailand in 1974]]

[[Thailand]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1947.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Turkey===
Between 1881 and 1893 the [[Ottoman Empire]] implemented its first census, which enumerated the people in the empire by ethnicity.<ref name=autogenerated20>{{harv|Karpat|1978|pp=237–274}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated19>{{harv|Shaw|1978|pp=323–338}}</ref> Some other censuses and studies were conducted in the Ottoman Empire for enumerating the population by ethnicity after the first Ottoman census.<ref name=autogenerated20 /><ref name=autogenerated19 />

===Turkmenistan===
People in Turkmenistan (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Turkmenistan]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post-Soviet census in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171762.pdf|title=TURKMENISTAN|publisher=state.gov}}</ref>

===Uzbekistan===
People in [[Uzbekistan]] (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> The Soviet Union (to which Uzbekistan also belonged) enumerated people by ethnicity for its entire existence.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Uzbekistan has not conducted any censuses at all since 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Docs/Central_Asia/Uzbekistan_Overview_June09.pdf|title=Central Asia Executive Summary Series: Uzbekistan Country Profile |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School|date= June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605012218/http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/Central_Asia/Uzbekistan_Overview_June09.pdf|archive-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
[[Communist]] [[North Vietnam]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1960, when Vietnam was still divided into two countries.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/popchar/Ethnicitypaper.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Ethnicitypaper.doc |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref> After [[Vietnamese reunification]], Vietnam enumerated its population by ethnicity from 1979 up to the most recent census in 2019.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=503&ItemID=1841 |title=Tong Cuc Thong Ke |publisher=Gso.gov.vn |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>[unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/.../Session8.0_VietNam.ppt]</ref>

===Yemen===
[[File:Yemen ethno 2002.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnoreligious composition of Yemen in 2002.]]

Yemen enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1994.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The [[British Empire|British]] [[Colony of Aden]] (which is within Yemen's current borders) enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1946 and 1955.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

==Europe==

===Albania===
[[Albania]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1955,<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web|title=Ethnicity: A Review of Data Collection and Dissemination|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/popchar/Ethnicitypaper.pdf|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|access-date=30 November 2012|date=August 2003}}</ref> 1989,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/albania-ethnic1989.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Albania 1989 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2011.<ref name=autogenerated16>{{cite web|author=Gezim Krasniqi |url=http://www.citsee.eu/blog/politics-numbers-and-identity-albania |title=Natitonality and census in Albania |publisher=Citsee.Eu |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated15>{{cite web|url=http://census.al/Resources/Data/Census2011/PES%20Questionnaire%20ENG.pdf|title=Albania Post Enumeration Survey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711042241/http://census.al/Resources/Data/Census2011/PES%20Questionnaire%20ENG.pdf|archive-date=July 11, 2012|date=2011}}</ref>  The 2011 Albanian census also enumerated people by language used and by their religious beliefs.<ref name=autogenerated16 /><ref name=autogenerated15 />

===Belarus===
[[File:Belarusians in Belarus 2009.png|thumb|right|100px|[[Belarusians]] as a percentage of the total population in Belarus in 2009 (note: map is in Ukrainian).]]

People in Belarus (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Belarus]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic1999.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Belarus 1999 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
[[File:Ethnic Composition of BiH in 1991.gif|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991.]]

The population of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] has been enumerated by ethnicity since at least 1885, including the recent censuses in 1991 and 2013.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9DtlRfO6JMC&q=yugoslavia+census+1948+1961+serbs&pg=PA16 |title=Territorial Proposals for the Settlement of the War in Bosnia-Hercegovina ... - Mladen Klemenčić - Google Books |access-date=2013-03-21|isbn=9781897643150 |last1=Klemenčić |first1=Mladen |year=1994 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bosnia-ethnic1991.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Bosnia & Herzegovina 1991 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Bulgaria===
[[File:Ethnic composition of Bulgaria, 2011.PNG|thumb|100px|Dominant ethnicities in Bulgaria in 2011]]

[[Bulgaria]] enumerated people by mother tongue in 1880 and 1887 and used this info to determine their ethnicities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdEPbQzOjFQC&q=bulgaria+census+ethnicity+1880+1887+mother+tongue&pg=PA425 |title=Bulgaria |author=R.J. Crampton|via=Google Books |publisher=OUP Oxford |date= 2007|access-date=2012-12-02|isbn=9780191513312}}</ref> Bulgaria directly enumerated people by ethnicity from 1900 all the way up to its most recent census in 2011, with the exception of the 1985 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/PDOCS2/Census2011final_en.pdf|title=2011 POPULATION CENSUS – Main Results}}</ref>

===Croatia===
[[File:Croatia-Ethnic-2011.png|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Croatia in 2011]]

The people of Croatia have been enumerated by ethnicity/nationality from at least 1953, including the censuses of 2001 and 2011.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/croatia-ethnic2001.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Croatia 2001 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/forms/langs/Englezi%20OP.pdf |title=Og |access-date=2013-03-16}}</ref>

===Czech Republic===
[[Czechoslovakia]] (of which the territory of the Czech Republic was a part) enumerated people by ethnicity in 1921 and 1930, and the Czech Republic did the same thing from 1991 to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated23>{{cite web|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2010/11/30/second-czechoslovak-census-held-80-years-ago |title=Second Czechoslovak census held 80 years ago |publisher=Prague Monitor |date=2010-11-30 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Estonia===
People in [[Estonia]] were enumerated by ethnicity/nationality from 1922 to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/LIC_Estonia99.pdf|title=Minority Rights in Estonia|type=Report|publisher= Legal Information Centre for Human Rights}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/estonia-ethnic2000.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Estonia 2000 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/34278 |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years - Statistics Estonia |publisher=Stat.ee |date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> People in Estonia were also enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> During this time period Estonia was under the control of the [[Russian Empire]], then independent, then (excluding [[World War II]]) under the control of the [[Soviet Union]], and then independent again since 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://estonia.eu/about-estonia/country/population-by-nationality.html |title=Population by Nationality |publisher=Estonia.eu |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304225022/http://estonia.eu/about-estonia/country/population-by-nationality.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There were 192 different ethnicity/nationality options in the 2011 Estonian census.<ref>{{cite web|author=<nowiki>Juhan Tere, BC, Tallinn</nowiki> |url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/analytics/?doc=62935 |title=Census 2011: people of 192 ethnic nationalities live in Estonia :: The Baltic Course &#124; Baltic States news & analytics |publisher=The Baltic Course |date=2012-09-17 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Finland===
Finland has enumerated its population by language of most frequent use from at least 1990 to the present day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=030_vaerak_tau_102_en&ti=Language+according+to+age+and+gender+by+region+1990+-+2010&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=1&multilang=en |title=Table: Language according to age and sex by region 1990 - 2011 |publisher=Pxweb2.stat.fi |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106153419/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=030_vaerak_tau_102_en&ti=Language+according+to+age+and+gender+by+region+1990+-+2010&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=1&multilang=en |archive-date=2013-01-06 }}</ref>

===France===
[[France]] has not counted individuals by race or ethnicity since at least 1978, when a law was passed that prevented individuals from being enumerated by these categories without their consent or a state committee waiver.<ref name = "francerace">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vLz6pnq_4oAJ:www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/laurence.pdf+france+census+race+ethnicity+1872+law&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiJ1dyvouY6Ibx8dja6tnv8e0sqVHvda_pLjbRRf94-Opttxtn4eBTEDpPHnM5A8uyb_RcxB4IVVPWJTc2M_cKtnshQHFZFpIqG53wsjVbhXtoCwZiQaEGMKL3olzpyzvf33sLa&sig=AHIEtbTLE-kOeESgjIHxqg6u_5kmCZk6yQ |title=Powered by Google Docs |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated24>{{cite web|last=Bleich |first=Erik |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2001/05/france-bleich |title=Race Policy in France &#124; Brookings Institution |publisher=Brookings.edu |date=2001-05-01 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> The reasons for this are that many French people consider asking people about race and ethnicity to be a contradiction of their principle of [[Social equality|equality]] and equal treatment for all French people.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Also, there is a desire to avoid repeating what [[Vichy France]] [[The Holocaust in occupied France|did in regards to its Jewish population]] and to prevent the [[National Front (France)|National Front]] from getting more popularity.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name = "francerace"/> Former [[French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and his administration supported and proposed counting French people by race and ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilrights.org/archives/2009/04/255-french-census.html |title=Next Census in France May Track Race, Ethnicity and Religion - The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights |publisher=Civilrights.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> Due to criticism, however, this proposal was never implemented, and as of 2013 former French President [[Francois Hollande]] opposes enumerating people by race and ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Admin |first=The |url=http://blackpoliticsontheweb.com/2012/04/16/despite-ethnic-tensions-counting-voters-by-race-remains-taboo-in-french-presidential-campaign/ |title=Despite ethnic tensions, counting voters by race remains taboo in French presidential campaign |publisher=Black Politics on the Web |date=2012-04-16 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Germany===
Nazi Germany enumerated its citizens of Jewish descent in 1939 based on the [[Mischlinge|percent of Jewish ancestry that they had]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wernercohn.com/Paulus.html#5 |title=Bearers of a Common Fate ? The half Jews in Nazi Germany |publisher=Wernercohn.com |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Hungary===
[[File:Greater austria ethnic.svg|100px|right|thumb|Ethnic composition of the regions of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1910]]

[[Hungary]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1880, between 1900 and 1941,<ref>A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, [[Budapest]], 2009, {{ISBN|978-963-9545-19-9}})</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=hungary+census+1941&pg=PA116 |title=Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minority on the Carpathian Basin - Kocsis, Károly, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi - Google Books |date=1938-11-02 |access-date=2013-03-21|isbn=9781931313759 |last1=Kocsis |first1=Karoly |last2=Kocsis-Hodosi |first2=Eszter }}</ref> and again from 1980 to the present day<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Ireland===
The 2002 Irish census enumerated people by their place of birth and their country of citizenship.<ref name="autogenerated9">[http://www.irishtimes.com/timeseye/whoweare/p3top.htm ireland.com / In Time's Eye / Who we are] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304074405/http://www.irishtimes.com/timeseye/whoweare/p3top.htm |date=March 4, 2011 }}</ref> Ireland introduced an ethnicity question to its census in 2006. The 2011 Irish census enumerated people by ethnicity as well, and offered the options White Irish, White Irish Traveller, Other White, Black or Black Irish (with options for African and Other Black), Asian or Asian Irish (with options for Chinese and Other Asian), Other, and Not Stated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=CD701&PLanguage=0 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State by Age Group, Sex, Ethnic or Cultural Background and CensusYear - StatBank - data and statistics |publisher=Cso.ie |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Italy===
Censuses in Italy do not inquire about race or ethnicity. Only information disposable are those of civil registers, where only the country of birth is noted down.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Kosovo===
[[File:Kosovo ethnic 2005.png|thumb|right|100px|Dominant ethnicities in Kosovo in 2005]]

The population of Kosovo was enumerated by ethnicity from 1990s all the way up to the present day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/milosevic_kosovo_020814.pdf|title=Report on the size and ethnic composition of the population of Kosovo|date=14 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kosovo-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kosovo 2011 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Latvia===
[[File:Russians in Baltic States (2011).svg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the total population in the [[Baltic States]] 2011]]

People in Latvia (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> [[Latvia]] enumerated people by ethnicity between 1920 and 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roots-saknes.lv/Ethnicities/ethnicities_statistics.htm |title=Ethnicities in Latvia. Statistics |publisher=Roots-saknes.lv |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> The Soviet Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupied Latvia]] in 1940, and it enumerated people there by ethnicity from 1959 to 1989.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Latvia]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/latvia-ethnic2000.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Latvia 2000 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=TSG11-06a&ti=TSG11-06%2E+RESIDENT+POPULATION+ON+MARCH+1%2C+2011+BY+ETHNICITY%2C+SEX+AND+AGE+GROUP&path=../DATABASEEN/tautassk_11/Final%20results%20of%20the%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%202011/&lang=1 |title=Table: TSG11-06. RESIDENT POPULATION ON MARCH 1, 2011 BY ETHNICITY, SEX AND AGE GROUP |publisher=Data.csb.gov.lv |date=2011-03-01 |access-date=2013-03-21 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Lithuania===
People in Lithuania (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> [[Lithuania]] enumerated people by ethnicity in its 1923 census and in its 1925 census of its [[Klaipeda]] region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kasatkina|first1=Natalija|last2=Marcinkevicius|first2=Andrius|title=Russians in Lithuania According to the 1897 and 1923 Censuses: Comparative Analysis|url=http://www.ces.lt/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/EtSt_Kasatkina_Marcinkevicius_2008.pdf|journal=Ethnicity Studies|issn=1822-1041}}</ref> The Soviet Union [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupied Lithuania]] in 1940, and it enumerated people there by ethnicity from 1959 to 1989.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Lithuania]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses of 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/lithuania-ethnic2001.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Lithuania 2001 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.15min.lt/en/article/in-lithuania/lithuania-s-population-stands-at-3-043-million-525-259643 |title=Lithuania's population stands below three million |publisher=15min.lt |date=2013-02-04 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Luxembourg===
It is illegal to collect statistics about the race, ethnicity, religion or ancestry of Luxembourg citizens.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

===Moldova===
[[File:Major ethnics groups in Moldova 1989.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Moldova in 1989]]

People in Moldova (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Moldova]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in both its post-Soviet censuses: in [[2004 Moldovan Census|2004]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/moldova-ethnic2004.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Moldova 2004 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and [[2014 Moldovan Census|2014]].<ref>[http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479 Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014]</ref>

===Monaco===
[[Monaco]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1982.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Montenegro===
[[File:Ethnic map of Montenegro by municipality.svg|thumb|100px|Dominant ethnicities in Montenegro in 2011]]

The population of [[Montenegro]] was enumerated by ethnicity from 1909 up to its most recent census in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njegos.org/census/index.htm |title=Montenegrin Census' from 1909 to 2003 - Aleksandar Rakovic |publisher=Njegos.org |date=2004-09-23 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/montenegro-ethnic2003.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Montenegro 2003 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transconflict.com/2011/07/montenegro-a-census-like-no-other-147/ |title=Montenegro - a census like no other? |publisher=TransConflict |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===North Macedonia===
[[File:Map of the majority ethnic groups of Macedonia by municipality.svg|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of North Macedonia in 2002.]]

People in [[North Macedonia]] were enumerated by ethnicity/nationality from at least 1921 all the way up to the present day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epc2008.princeton.edu/papers/80013|title=Changes in ethnic structure in Macedonia after emigration of Turkish minority}}</ref> In the most recent census in 2002, 64.2% of the population declared themselves to be [[ethnic Macedonian]]s. The second-largest ethnic group in the country was the ethnic [[Albanians]] with 25.2%. Other major ethnic groups were [[Turkish people|Turks]] (3.9%), [[Romani people|Romani]] (2.7%), and [[Serbs]] (1.8%).<ref name="Statistical Office">[http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf Macedonian census, language and religion]</ref>

===Norway===
Norway enumerated the population in the northern part of the country by ethnicity between 1845 and 1930.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbMs68rD9doC&q=norway+census+ethnicity&pg=PA173 |title=Indigenous Peoples and Demography: The Complex Relation Between Identity and ... - Google Books |date=2011-08-15 |access-date=2013-09-01|isbn=9780857450036 |last1=Axelsson |first1=Per |last2=Sköld |first2=Peter }}</ref> In the census of 1970, in limited areas in Northern Norway, people were identified by ethnicity and language.  Such information has not been included in any census since then.<ref>{{cite web| title = Norwegian National Archives | url = http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/paa-vei-mot-eu-medlemskap | date = 2013
| access-date = 29 July 2014 }}</ref>

===Poland===
People in Poland (when [[Partitions of Poland|the country was still occupied]] by the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated allegedly by their native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> Sovereign [[Poland]] enumerated people by ethnicity/nationality in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kresy.co.uk/census_demographic.html |title=Polish 1921 Census and Demographic Data |publisher=Kresy.co.uk |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305005728/http://www.kresy.co.uk/census_demographic.html |archive-date=2013-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It enumerated people by mother tongue in 1931, and used this data to determine ethnicity/nationality.<ref name=autogenerated14>{{cite web |url=http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/noves/hm04primavera-estiu/docs/moskal.pdf |title=Language minorities in Poland at the moment of accession to the EU, by Marta Moskal |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512204841/http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/noves/hm04primavera-estiu/docs/moskal.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12 }}</ref> After [[World War II]], the [[Polish People's Republic|Communist Polish government]] did not enumerate people by nationality/ethnicity.<ref name=autogenerated14 /> The post-Communist 2002 Polish census did enumerate people by nationality/ethnicity and language used at home.<ref name=autogenerated14 />

=== Portugal ===
Census in Portugal do not include a question regarding individuals ethnic or racial background. A question of this kind was recommended to be included for the first time for the 2021 census ("Censos 2021"),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viegas |first=Nuno |title=Branco, negro, cigano ou asiático? Censos 2021 devem perguntar a etnia, recomenda grupo de trabalho |url=https://observador.pt/2019/04/04/branco-negro-cigano-ou-asiatico-censos-2021-devem-perguntar-a-etnia-recomenda-grupo-de-trabalho/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref> which sparked some controversy. The question was ultimately not included, although a question about religion was included.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Censos 2021: religião sim, etnia não |url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/734048/censos-2021-religiao-sim-etnia-nao?seccao=Portugal_i |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=ionline |language=pt}}</ref> A questionnaire regarding ethnicity was planned by the [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] for late 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INE avança este ano com pergunta sobre etnia |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2021-04-01-INE-avanca-este-ano-com-pergunta-sobre-etnia-8784b541 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

===Romania===
[[File:Romania harta etnica 2011.PNG|100px|thumb|Ethnic map of Romania in 2011]]

[[Romania]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1859–1860,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/en/history/censuses-1859-1990/ |title=Censuses of 1859-1990 &#124; Recensamant 2011 |publisher=Recensamantromania.ro |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> 1887,<ref>{{cite book | page=407 | title = The Statesman's Year-Book | year = 1889| publisher = St. Martin's Press }}</ref> 1899,<ref>{{cite book | page=612 | title = New International Yearbook | year = 1915| publisher = Dodd, Mead and Company }}</ref> and in every census since 1930, with the exception of the 1948 census, which enumerated people only by mother tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/humis/humis07.htm |title=The Hungarian Minority's Situation in Ceausescu's Romania |publisher=Hungarianhistory.com |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/#romania|title=Population Statistics of Eastern Europe § Romania|publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CComunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011e.pdf |title=Comunicat DATE PROVIZORII RPL 2011_transmis |access-date=2012-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114205218/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011e.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|title=COMUNICAT DE PRESĂ 2 februarie 2012 privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011 |date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> The [[World Jewish Congress]] also carried out a census of [[Romanian Jews|Romania's Jewish population]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/romaniatoc.html|title=Romania|work=Virtual Jewish Library}}</ref>

===Serbia===
[[File:Census 2002 Serbia, ethnic map (by municipalities).png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnic composition of Serbia in 2002]]

In addition to [[Yugoslavia]] enumerating people by ethnicity/nationality, [[Serbia]] enumerated people by ethnicity/nationality in its 2002 and 2011 censuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/serbia/30908|title=Ethnic Minorities in Serbia - An overview|date=February 27, 2008|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2011&mm=11&dd=16&nav_id=77354 |title=Serbia has fewer citizens, census results show |publisher=B92 |date=2011-11-16 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Slovakia===
The population of [[Slovakia]] was enumerated by ethnicity/nationality since 1910 all the way up to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hhrf.org/kisebbsegkutatas/mr_04/cikk.php?id=1188 |title=László Gyurgyik:Hungarians in Czechoslovakia: Changes in Their Population And Settlement System from 1918 to the Present Day |publisher=Hhrf.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sodb.infostat.sk/sodb/eng/1848-2001/tab.III.2-2B_en.htm |title=Demografickй ъdaje zo sинtania Њudu 1921 |publisher=Sodb.infostat.sk |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf|title=Table 11. Resident population by nationality - 2001, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715152521/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf|archive-date=July 15, 2007|publisher=Statistical Office of the SR|year=2005}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
The population of [[Slovenia]] was enumerated by ethnicity since 1953 all the way up to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7 |title=Statistični urad RS - Popis 2002 |publisher=Stat.si |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Transnistria===
People in [[Transnistria]] (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> the de facto independent country of Transnistria also enumerated people by ethnicity in its post-Soviet censuses in 2004 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol37-09-05.htm |title=Ol37-09-05 |publisher=Olvia.idknet.com |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105231746/http://www.olvia.idknet.com/ol37-09-05.htm |archive-date=2012-11-05 }}</ref> [[Romania]] also enumerated people in Transnistria by ethnicity in its 1941 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/romanianjewry.html|title=The Plan for the Extermination of Romanian Jewry|work=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref>

===Ukraine===
[[File:UaFirstNationality2001-English.png|thumb|Ethnic composition of Ukraine in 2001]]

People in Ukraine (when it was still a part of the [[Russian Empire]]) were enumerated by native tongue [[1897 census|in the 1897 Russian Empire Census]].<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> In addition to the Soviet Union enumerating people by ethnicity for its entire existence,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> [[Ukraine]] also enumerated people by ethnicity in its only post-Soviet census in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Ukraine 2001 |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
The [[United Kingdom]] began [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|counting people by ethnicity]] in [[United Kingdom Census 1991|1991]].<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = K. Sillitoe | author2 = P. H. White | title = Ethnic Group and the British Census: the Search for a Question | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A | volume = 155 | issue = 1 | pages = 141–163 | year = 1992 | doi=10.2307/2982673| pmid = 12159122 | jstor = 2982673 }}</ref> There eventually became more of an interest in enumerating ethnic minorities after large-scale racial minority immigration to the United Kingdom began in the post-[[World War II]] era.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctpb21/Cpapers/Ethn_2gen_revision_C1.pdf|chapter=Ethnicity and Second Generation Immigrants |author1=Christian Dustmann|author2=Tommaso Frattini|author3= Nikolaos Theodoropoulos|doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199587377.003.0016|title=The Labour Market in Winter: The State of Working Britain|isbn=9780199587377|year=2011}}</ref> The United Kingdom previously planned to enumerate people by ethnicity in 1981, but changed its mind after the large non-response rate to this question in the 1979 Test Census. In 1979, many ethnic minorities refused to answer this question due to the fear of deportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/files/iser_working_papers/2008-26.pdf|title=Who are the UK's minority ethnic groups? Issues of identification and measurement in a longitudinal study|date=September 2008|author1=Jonathan Burton|author2=Alita Nandi |author3=Lucinda Platt |type=Working paper}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]], the ethnic group options for England and Wales were White, Mixed, [[Asian British]], [[Black British]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]] or other ethnic group, and Not stated, with ethnic origin sub-group choices for most of these.<ref name="TIAUKcodes">{{cite web|title=New Ethnicity Code List|url=http://www.theia.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9568290B-80AA-4030-AED3-046A8E5C3F92/0/L12V_1_2_NewEthnicityCodes.doc|publisher=The Information Authority|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> The census in the United Kingdom also included a question on country of citizenship between 1851 and 1961.<ref name="catdir"/>

===Vatican City===
[[Vatican City]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1948.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

==North America==

===Bahamas===
The population of the [[Bahamas]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1953 and again in 2010.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Barbados===
The population of [[Barbados]] was enumerated by ethnicity in 1946, 1960, 1970, and 1980.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Belize===
Back when [[Belize]] was [[British Honduras]], it enumerated people by ethnicity in 1946. Since gaining independence, Belize has enumerated people by ethnicity from 1980 all the way up to its most recent census in 2010.

===Bermuda===
The people of [[Bermuda]] were enumerated by ethnicity since at least 1950 all the way up to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|author=Keith Archibald Forbes |url=http://www.bermuda-online.org/population.htm |title=Bermuda's Population and local Expatriate Organizations |publisher=Bermuda-online.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:Canada ethnic origin map 2021.png|150px|thumb|right|A map of the largest ethnic ancestry in different regions of Canada in 2021.]]

[[Canada]] [[Demographics of Canada|counted people by ethnic origin]] in 1765 and again from at least 1871 to 2006, with the exception of 1891.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/ref/about-apropos/history-histoire-eng.cfm |title=2011 Census - About the census: History of the Census of Canada |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-01-10 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated17>{{cite web|url=http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb-bmdi/pub/instrument/3901_Q2_V3-eng.pdf |title=ARCHIVED - PDF Document |publisher=3.statcan.gc.ca |date=2010-05-17 |access-date=2013-01-14}}</ref><ref name="statcan2006">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/ref/rp-guides/ethnic-ethnique-eng.cfm |title=2006 Census : Ethnic Origin Reference Guide |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date=2011-05-04 |access-date=2013-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRzXJAFODuwC&q=canada+census+1891+ethnic+origin&pg=PA4 |title=Race and Research - Google Books |access-date=2013-03-21|isbn=9780875530307 |last1=Beech |first1=Bettina M. |last2=Goodman |first2=Maurine |year=2004 }}</ref> The options for ethnicity in the 2006 Canadian census were various kinds of [[European Canadian]], [[Aboriginal Canadian]], and various [[non-white]] or non-European groups known officially as "[[visible minorities]]".<ref name=autogenerated17 /> The 2011 Canadian census did not ask about race and ethnicity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2010/2010-08-21/html/order-decret-eng.html |title=ARCHIVED — Canada Gazette – ORDERS IN COUNCIL |publisher=Gazette.gc.ca |date=2012-11-09 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> but the new voluntary National Household Survey (NHS) for that year did ask about race and ethnicity (as well as many other questions that were previously asked on the Canadian census).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/NHS-ENM/ref/Questionnaires/2011NHS-ENM-eng.cfm#Q17 |title=2011 National Household Survey Questions |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809041130/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/NHS-ENM/ref/Questionnaires/2011NHS-ENM-eng.cfm#Q17 |archive-date=2011-08-09 }}</ref> Prior to the 1981 Canadian census, respondents could only mark one ethnicity/ethnic ancestry, but the 1981 census and all future ones allowed multiple ethnicity responses.<ref name="statcan2006"/> Canada also enumerated its population by place of birth from 1871 to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectiona/4147436-eng.htm |title=Historical statistics of Canada: Section A: Population and Migration |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-557/pdf/97-557-XIE2006001.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - 97-557-XIE_immigration_26-11-07.doc |access-date=2013-03-16}}</ref>

===Costa Rica===
[[Costa Rica]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Cuba===
[[Cuba]] enumerated people by race since 1774 to the most recent official census in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899 :: Census of Cuba 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/informe_nacional_censo_0.pdf|title=Censo de poblacion y viviendas Cuba|date=January 2014|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

===Dominica===
The people in [[Dominica]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and 1981.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Dominican Republic===
The people in the [[Dominican Republic]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1950.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Grenada===
The people of [[Grenada]] were enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and 1981.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Guatemala===
[[Guatemala]] has enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950, 1964, 2002, and 2018.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Jamaica===
The population of Jamaica was enumerated by ethnicity in 1960 and again from 1982 all the way up to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Jamaica.pdf |title=2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Data Analysis Sub-Project|access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://statinja.gov.jm/PublicationReleases.aspx |access-date=July 19, 2019 |title=Census 2011 General Report}}</ref>

===Mexico===
[[Mexico]] enumerates people on whether or not they speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or indigenous languages.<ref name="autogenerated2001">{{Cite web|url=http://sociology.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1043/Pop.Comp.IESBS.2001.pdf|title=Population Composition by Race and Ethnicity: North America}}</ref> Mexico does not enumerate its population by race and ethnicity directly.<ref name="autogenerated2001"/>

===Panama===
[[Panama]] has enumerated people by ethnicity from the 1970 census all the way up to its most recent census in 2010.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|author=Don Winner |url=http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20100511134852268 |title=National Census in Panama This Sunday, 16 May 2010 |publisher=Panama Guide |access-date=2013-03-16}}</ref> People in the then-United States-controlled [[Panama Canal Zone]] were numerated by ethnicity in 1950 and 1960.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Puerto Rico===
[[Puerto Rico]] enumerated people by race in its census [[Demographics of Puerto Rico|since at least 1877]] with the exception of the period from 1960 to 1990.

===United States===
{{details|Race and ethnicity in the United States Census}}

[[File:Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg|400px|thumb|right|The [[wikt:plurality|plurality]] (not [[majority]]) ethnic ancestry in each [[county (United States)|county in the United States of America]]]]

Before the [[American Revolutionary War|U.S. acquired independence from Great Britain]], many of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] conducted [[censuses]] of their own where they enumerated their populations by [[Race (human classification)|race]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/22/opinion/fix-the-census-archaic-racial-categories.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Kenneth | last=Prewitt | title=Fix the Census' Archaic Racial Categories | date=2013-08-21}}</ref><ref name="census5">{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p2-13.pdf |title=2-11-Z-COLONIAL & PRE-FEDERAL.pdf |access-date=2013-06-20}}</ref> The [[United States]] as a whole [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|enumerated people by race]] in every [[United States Census|census]] since [[U.S. Census, 1790|its first census]] in 1790.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=2014-12-24 }}</ref>  Part of the reason why the United States began counting people by race much sooner than many other countries was due to the [[Three Fifths Compromise]], which determined the amount of representation that Southern states had based on how many slaves they had (slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes, and a new census every ten years was needed to enumerate the current slave population).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/census/review3.php |title=Multiracial Identity and the U.S. Census, ProQuest Discovery Guides |publisher=Csa.com |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> Initially, the [[United States Census]] only counted Americans as either [[White American|white]] or [[African American|black]], with blacks classified as either [[Free people of color|free]] or [[slaves]] until 1860 ([[slavery in the United States]] was [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|abolished]] in 1865).<ref name="usrace2002">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2012-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=2014-12-24 }}</ref> Over time, the United States has also added some other racial categories as well.<ref name="usrace2002"/> [[Asian-American|Asian]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] categories were added in 1860.<ref name="usrace2002"/> However, the first census to enumerate all Native Americans occurred in 1890.<ref name="usrace2002"/> Before that point Native Americans living on [[Indian reservation|reservations]] were not counted, and thus most Native Americans in the U.S. were not counted in census data before 1890.<ref name="usrace2002"/> Between 1850 and 1870, and in 1890, 1910, and 1920, the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] also enumerated [[Mulattoes]] and sometimes other partially black groups ([[Quadroons]] and [[Octoroons]]) separately.<ref name="usrace2002"/>

The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] counted [[Mexicans]] as a separate race in 1930<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/staff/sharon/readings/ngai.html |author=Mae M. Ngai |title= The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924|journal= The Journal of American History|volume=86|issue=1|publisher=The History Cooperative |via=Chnm.gmu.edu |access-date=2013-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127115837/http://chnm.gmu.edu/staff/sharon/readings/ngai.html|archive-date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> and tried to retroactively determine the number of Mexicans in the U.S. in 1910 and 1920 as well.<ref name="usrace2002"/>

President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] promoted a [[Good Neighbor policy|"good neighbor" policy]] that sought better relations with Mexico.  In 1935, a [[federal judge]] ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law<!-- citation need -->.  Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white.  The [[U.S. State Department|State Department]], the Census Bureau, the [[U.S. Labor Department|Labor Department]], and other [[government agencies]] therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white.  This policy encouraged the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]] in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.<ref>Patrick D. Lukens, ''A Quiet Victory for Latino Rights: FDR and the Controversy over Whiteness'' (University of Arizona Press, 2012)</ref>

Hispanics were counted as whites in 1940, but for the first time ever, the U.S. made an attempt to measure the size of the Hispanic population that year.<ref name="usrace2002"/> The U.S. resumed enumerating its [[Hispanic]]/Latino population in 1970, with Hispanics being enumerated in every U.S. census since then.<ref name="usrace2002"/> The U.S. Census Bureau also began offering Hispanics several sub-group options from which they could identify themselves, such as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, et cetera (these Hispanic sub-group options have changed over time).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tabD-04.pdf |title=Table D-4. Hispanic Origin (of Any Race), for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1940 and 1970 (Sample Data) (See text for sources, definitions, and explanations) |access-date=2017-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120101537/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tabD-04.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tabD-02.pdf |title=Table D-2. Hispanic Origin (of Any Race), for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 1990 (Sample Data) (See text for sources, definitions, and explanations) |access-date=2017-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120101352/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tabD-02.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-20 }}</ref> The Other race category was added in 1950, and in 2000 multi-race responses were tabulated for the first time  (instructions now explicitly inform respondents that they can choose multiple race boxes).<ref name="usrace2002"/> Because multiracial respondents are now allowed, U.S. Census data since 2000 is not directly comparable with that of previous censuses.<ref name="usrace2002"/> While people nowadays are enumerated by race based on self-identification, until 1950 their race on the census was mainly determined by their census enumerator.<ref name="usrace2002"/> During this time multiracial people who were White and of another race were usually marked down as belonging to the other race due to the [[One drop rule]].<ref name="usrace2002"/> The instructions provided to enumerators endorsed this practice.

It is worth noting that some of the definitions of race in the United States changed over time. For instance, [[Indian Americans]] were previously marked as Hindu in 1920–1940, Other race in 1950–1960, and White in 1970 before being marked as Asian (Indian) since 1980.<ref name = "usrace2002"/> The [[U.S. census]] counted certain [[Asian people|Asian]] ethnic groups separately since 1870, initially counting only [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]] and [[Japanese Americans|Japanese]], but having other categories as well since 1910.<ref name = "usrace2002"/> It only began counting all people by ethnic ancestry since [[U.S. Census, 1980|the 1980 census]], though.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/items1980.shtml |title=IPUMS USA: 1980 Census Questions and Instructions |publisher=Usa.ipums.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> In addition to a Hispanic/Latino ''ethnicity'' question that has appeared on the census short form since 1980 (based on the US [[Office of Management and Budget]]'s official categories specified in 1977). In addition, at various times the Census Bureau has also used an ''ancestry'' question. Before 1970, [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] had different choices for race on their censuses in contrast to the [[continental United States]].<ref name="usrace2002"/>

The United States has also used language as a way to classify people by race or ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leeman|first=Jennifer|date=2004|title=Racializing language: A history of linguistic ideologies in the US Census|url=https://www.academia.edu/335479|journal=Journal of Language and Politics|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=507–534|issn=1569-2159|doi=10.1075/jlp.3.3.08lee}}</ref> From 1910 to 1940, the Census recorded the mother tongue of the foreign-born population and their children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab06.html |title=Tech Paper 29: Table 6. Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970 |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> In 1960 and 1970 the Census Bureau also used mother tongue to classify respondents by ethnicity, but the definition of mother tongue was not consistent. Since 1980, the Census Bureau has tabulated [[Language Spoken at Home|language spoken at home]] for people aged five or older.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/Table2.xls |title=Table 2 (download) |publisher=Census.gov }}</ref>

The [[2020 United States Census]] might allow [[Middle Easterners]] and [[North African American|North Africans]] to write in their ethnicity/race instead of merely marking them as White.<ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/09/census-bureau-changes-race-hispanics-negro_n_1760467.html |title=Census Bureau Proposes Changes: Hispanics As Distinct Category And End Use Of Term 'Negro' |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2012-08-09|access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Turnbull |first=Lornet |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2019032486_censuschange31m.html |title=Latinos may get own race category on census form &#124; Local News |newspaper=The Seattle Times |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> Right now, and in the past, [[Arab Americans|Arabs]] have been marked in the U.S. Census as White.<ref name=autogenerated8 /> This began in the early twentieth century when [[Arabs]] [[Immigration to the United States|coming to the United States]] successfully petitioned to be marked as White in order to avoid entry quotas and have a greater chance of achieving success and avoiding discrimination.<ref
name=autogenerated8/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaiusa.org/pages/not-quite-white-race-classification-and-the-arab-american-experience |title=Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience &#124; The Arab American Institute |publisher=Aaiusa.org |access-date=2013-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826035428/http://www.aaiusa.org/pages/not-quite-white-race-classification-and-the-arab-american-experience |archive-date=2014-08-26 }}</ref>

The United States is one of the countries that uses racial and ethnic census data in order to create [[minority-majority districts]], as is required by the 1965 [[Voting Rights Act]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/ljk20/MAJ-MINOR.pdf|title=African American Turnout in Majority-Minority Districts|author=Luke Keele|author2=Ismail White|date= December 13, 2011}}</ref> These districts were created in order to increase minority representation in the [[United States Congress]] following the end of legal [[Racial segregation|segregation]] and racial discrimination in the [[Southern United States]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />

Since 1850, the United States enumerated its population by their country of birth of its population.<ref name=autogenerated21>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850-2000 |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> The whole U.S. population was enumerated by country of birth between 1850 and 1930 and again from 1960 to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated21 /> Meanwhile, only the [[White Americans|White population of the United States]] was enumerated by their country of birth in 1940 and 1950.<ref name=autogenerated21 />

==Oceania==

===Australia===
Australia enumerated its population by ''race'' between 1911 and 1966, by ''racial origin'' in 1971 and 1976, by ''ethnic'' origin in 1981, and by ''ancestry'' since 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0Feature+Article2July+2011 |title=2071.0 - Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, July 2011 |publisher=Abs.gov.au |date=2012-06-20 |access-date=2013-04-06}}</ref>

===Fiji===
The population of [[Fiji]] was enumerated by ethnicity from 1881 all the way up to Fiji's most recent census in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.int/prism/country/fj/stats/Key%20Stats/Population/1.1%20census%20of%20population.pdf|title=1.1 CENSUS OF POPULATION NY ETHNICITY 1881 - 2007|publisher=Fiji Bureau of Statistics |date=June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114214328/http://www.spc.int/prism/country/fj/stats/Key%20Stats/Population/1.1%20census%20of%20population.pdf|archive-date=November 14, 2012}}</ref>

===Nauru===
The population of [[Nauru]] was enumerated by ethnicity between 1947 and 1977.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===New Zealand===
[[File:MaoriPopulationPercentage.png|thumb|right|100px|Maoris as a percentage of the total population of New Zealand in 2006.]]

[[New Zealand]] enumerated people by ethnicity from 1858 to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/about-2006-census/introduction-to-the-census/history-of-the-census-in-nz.aspx |title=Introduction to the Census - Statistics New Zealand |publisher=Stats.govt.nz |date=2006-11-24 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> People were enumerated by tribal affiliation in 1901 and again from 1991 to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

===Palau===
[[Palau]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1995.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

===Papua New Guinea===
[[Papua New Guinea]] only enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1971.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

==South America==

===Argentina===
Argentina enumerated its population by their country of birth from 1869 to the present day.<ref name=autogenerated22>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/aquisecuenta/Aqui12.pdf|title=Tendencias recientes de la Inmigración internacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824231326/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/aquisecuenta/aqui12.pdf|archive-date=August 24, 2007|date=February 2004 |issn= 0329-7586|publisher=Indec}}</ref>

===Bolivia===
[[File:Pueblos originarios de Bolivia.png|thumb|right|100px|Ethnic composition of Bolivia.]]

[[Bolivia]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1950,<ref name=autogenerated6 /> 2001,<ref>{{cite web|author=CEPAL - Naciones Unidas |url=http://www.eclac.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/3/23263/P23263.xml&xsl=/celade/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/celade/tpl/top-bottom.xsl |title=CEPAL - Los pueblos indígenas de Bolivia: diagnóstico sociodemográfico a partir del censo del 2001 |publisher=Eclac.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> and 2012.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref name=autogenerated25>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bolivias-census-omits-mestizo-category-17779349#.ULm6AJtQAak |title=Bolivia's Census Omits 'Mestizo' as Category - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> The 2012 census included 40 ethnic group options.<ref name=autogenerated25 /> However, it did not include [[Mestizo]] as an option, which critics of current [[Bolivian President]] [[Evo Morales]] say was because he wants more Bolivians to identify as one of the indigenous groups in order to lend more legitimacy to his indigenous-friendly policies.<ref name=autogenerated25 />

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; padding:5px;">'''Data from the census in 2012'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Census in Bolivia|url=http://www.ine.gob.bo:8081/censo2012/PDF/resultadosCPV2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209134921/http://www.ine.gob.bo:8081/censo2012/PDF/resultadosCPV2012.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-09}}</ref></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#faf6ed;">

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ethnic group !! Total people !! Male !!Female
|-
| Afroboliviano ||align="right"|16.329 || align="right"|8.785 || align="right"|7.544
|-
| Araona || align="right"|910 || align="right"|452 || align="right"|458
|-
| Aymara || align="right"|1.191.352 || align="right"|592.817 || align="right"|598.535
|-
| Ayoreo || align="right"|1.862 || align="right"|954 || align="right"|908
|-
| Baure || align="right"|2.319 || align="right"|1.219 || align="right"|1.100
|-
| Canichana || align="right"|617 || align="right"|360 || align="right"|257
|-
| Cavineño || align="right"|2.005 || align="right"|1.118 || align="right"|887
|-
| Cayubaba || align="right"|1.424 || align="right"|738 || align="right"|686
|-
| Chacobo || align="right"|826 || align="right"|418 || align="right"|408
|-
| Chipaya || align="right"|786 || align="right"|400 || align="right"|386
|-
| Chiquitano || align="right"|87.885 || align="right"|45.497 || align="right"|42.388
|-
| Esse Ejja || align="right"|695 || align="right"|379 || align="right"|316
|-
| Guaraní || align="right"|58.990 || align="right"|29.918 || align="right"|29.072
|-
| Guarasugwe || align="right"|42 || align="right"|25 || align="right"|17
|-
| Guarayo || align="right"|13.621 || align="right"|6.846 || align="right"|6.775
|-
| Itonama || align="right"|10.275 || align="right"|5.356 || align="right"|4.919
|-
| Joaquiniano || align="right"|2.797 || align="right"|1.510 || align="right"|1.287
|-
| Kallawaya || align="right"|7.389 || align="right"|3.824 || align="right"|3.565
|-
| Leco || align="right"|9.006 || align="right"|4.820 || align="right"|4.186
|-
| Machinerí || align="right"|38 || align="right"|25 || align="right"|13
|-
| Maropa || align="right"|2.857 || align="right"|1.550 || align="right"|1.307
|-
| Mojeño || align="right"|31.078 || align="right"|16.564 || align="right"|14.514
|-
| Moré || align="right"|155 || align="right"|78 || align="right"|77
|-
| Mosetén || align="right"|1.989 || align="right"|1.095 || align="right"|894
|-
| Movima || align="right"|12.213 || align="right"|6.349 || align="right"|5.864
|-
| Murato || align="right"|143 || align="right"|78 || align="right"|65
|-
| Pacahuara || align="right"|161 || align="right"|85 || align="right"|76
|-
| Quechua || align="right"|1.281.116 || align="right"|626.307 || align="right"|654.809
|-
| Sirionó || align="right"|446 || align="right"|245 || align="right"|201
|-
| Tacana || align="right"|11.173 || align="right"|6.060 || align="right"|5.113
|-
| Tapiete || align="right"|99 || align="right"|59 || align="right"|40
|-
| Tsimane (Chimán) || align="right"|6.464 || align="right"|3.399 || align="right"|3.065
|-
| Weenayek || align="right"|3.322 || align="right"|1.686 || align="right"|1.636
|-
| Yaminahua || align="right"|132 || align="right"|54 || align="right"|78
|-
| Yuki || align="right"|202 || align="right"|102 || align="right"|100
|-
| Yuracaré || align="right"|3.394 || align="right"|1.709 || align="right"|1.685
|-
| Yuracaré - Mojeño || align="right"|292 || align="right"|171 || align="right"|121
|-
|  other || align="right"|42.188 || align="right"|19.861 || align="right"|22.327
|-
|  Other not specified || align="right"|4.419 || align="right"|2.333 || align="right"|2.086
|-
| Not belong || align="right"|4.032.014 || align="right"|1.975.811 || align="right"|2.056.203
|}
</div></div>

===Brazil===
[[File:Brancos no Brasil.png|thumb|right|100px|Brazilian states according to the percentage of [[Whites]] in 2009.]]
The [[Brazil]]ian census [[Race and ethnicity in Brazil|enumerated people by race]] in all censuses since [[1872 Brazilian Census|1872]] with the exception of 1900, 1920, and 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/telles/Paper_AffirmationandAmbiguity.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031001033325/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/telles/Paper_AffirmationandAmbiguity.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2003 |title=Mapping the ethno-racial composition of the Brazilian population has long been viewed as problematic due principally to the am |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> The Brazilian census classifies people by race as either white, black, pardo (brown), yellow (Asian), or indigenous.

===Chile===
[[Chile]] enumerated people by ethnicity in 1992.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The 2017 census included an option to identify as part of [[Indigenous peoples in Chile|one of the country's indigenous groups]].

===Guyana===
[[Guyana]] enumerated people by ethnicity from at least 1946 until at least 2002.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/census.html |title=Bureau of Statistics - Guyana |publisher=Statisticsguyana.gov.gy |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

===Peru===
Peru collected data in the 1940 census. In the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 census]], questions about culture and ancestors were asked in more detail for the first time for the population of 12 years old and above.<ref name="census2017">{{cite report |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 214 |publisher= [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática]]|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> Results were  [[Mestizo]] 60.2%,  [[Quechua people|Quechua]] 22.3%, [[White Peruvians|White]] 5.9%, [[Afro-Peruvians|Afro-descendant]] 3.6%, [[Aymara people|Aymara]] 2.4%, [[Indigenous peoples in Peru|Native or indigenous]] to the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]] 0.3%, [[Asháninka]] 0.2%, Part of another Indigenous 0.2%, [[Aguaruna people|Aguaruna/Awajún]] 0.2%, [[Shipibo-Conibo people|Shipibo-Conibo/Konibo]] 0.1%, [[Japanese Peruvians|Japanese]] ([[Japanese diaspora|Nikkei]]) 0.1%, [[Chinese Peruvians|Chinese]] (Tusan) 0.1%, Other 1.1%.<ref name="census2017"/>

==See also==
*[[Ancestry]]
*[[Census]]
*[[Demography]]
*[[Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States]]
*[[IBM and the Holocaust]]
*[[Majority minority]]
*[[Population and housing censuses by country]]
*[[Race and ethnicity in Brazil]]
*[[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census]]
*[[Visible minorities]]
*[[Languages in censuses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite journal |last1=Karpat |first1=Kemal H. |title=Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82–1893 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=May 1978 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=237–274 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800000088}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Standford J. |title=The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=August 1978 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=325–338 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800033602}}

==External links==
*[http://www.understandingrace.org/lived/global_census.html Census racial/ethnic/national origin questions from various countries] [Link Broken]

===Historical data===
*[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYBcensus/V2_Table4.pdf Ethnicity and Race Data for every country in the world which had this census category between 1985 and 2003]
*[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybcensus/V2_table5.pdf Language Data for every country in the world which had this census category between 1985 and 2003]
*[http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/1/2/R7.aspx Bulgaria Ethnicity Data for 1900-2011 for the whole country and for urban and rural areas]
*[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/pdf/5500092-eng.pdf Canada Ethnic Origin Data for 1871-1971 (on page 17)]
*[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ Eastern Europe, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan Ethnicity/Nationality Data for the late 20th century and early 21st century]
*[http://www.spc.int/prism/country/fj/stats/Key%20Stats/Population/1.1%20census%20of%20population.pdf Fiji Ethnicity Data for 1881-2007]
*[http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=CDD27&PLanguage=0 Ireland Ethnicity Data for 2011]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113200941/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_07x&CYear=2012 Israel Ethnicity Data for 1948-2011 for Israeli Districts and Sub-Districts]
*[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 Russia, Russian Empire, and USSR Ethnicity/Nationality Data for 1897-2010 by Guberniyas/Oblasts/SSRs]
*[http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/census/HowHasEthnicDiversityGrown_Figure1_2.xls United Kingdom Ethnicity Data for 1991-2011]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790-1990 for U.S. Regions and States]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080912052919/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790-1990 for Large Cities and Other Urban Places]
*[http://www.socialexplorer.com/pub/maps/map3.aspx?g=0&mapi=SE0012 United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 1790-2010 for U.S. States and Counties (the 2010 data is only for subscribers)]
*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html United States Race and Ethnicity Data for 2000 and 2010 for U.S. States and Counties]

===Future population projections, including by race and/or ethnicity===
*[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-551-x/91-551-x2010001-eng.pdf Canada Population Projections for 2006-2031]
*[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/tec27.pdf Israel Population Projections for 2009-2059]
*[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/tables_template_eng.html?hodaa=201301170 Israel Population Projections for 2015-2035]
*[http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalEthnicPopulationProjections_HOTP2006-26/Technical%20Notes.aspx New Zealand Population Projections for 2006-2026]
*[https://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2012.html United States Population Projections for 2015-2060]
{{Ethnicity}}

[[Category:Censuses]]
[[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
[[Category:Ethnicity]]