View source for Multiracial people

{{Short description|People of more than one race}}
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}

The terms '''multiracial people''' or '''mixed-race people''' are used to refer to people who are of more than one [[race (human categorization)|race]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/multiracial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803034845/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/multiracial |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2012 |title=Definition of ''multiracial'' in English |author=
<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2013 |website=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> and the terms '''multi-ethnic people''' or '''ethnically-mixed people''' are used to refer to people who are of more than one [[ethnicity]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Charmaraman |first1=Linda |last2=Woo |first2=Meghan |last3=Quach |first3=Ashley |last4=Erkut |first4=Sumru |date=July 2014 |title=How have researchers studied multiracial populations: A content and methodological review of 20 years of research |journal=Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=336–352 |doi=10.1037/a0035437 |issn=1099-9809 |pmc=4106007 |pmid=25045946}}</ref><ref>Ualiyeva, Saule K., and Adrienne L. Edgar, 'In the Laboratory of Peoples’ Friendship: Mixed People in Kazakhstan from the Soviet Era to the Present', in Rebecca C. King-O'Riain, and others (eds), ''Global Mixed Race'' (New York, NY, 2014; online edn, NYU Press Scholarship Online, 24 March 2016), https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814770733.003.0004, accessed 7 September 2023.</ref> A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mixed race people in a variety of contexts, including ''multiethnic'', ''polyethnic'', occasionally ''bi-ethnic'', ''[[Métis]]'', ''[[Muwallad]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search |website=etymonline.com |access-date=6 July 2020 |title=&#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> ''[[Coloureds|Colored]]'', ''[[Dougla people|Dougla]]'', ''[[half-caste]]'', ''[[euronesian|ʻafakasi]]'', ''[[mestizo]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=mestizo |title=Mestizo |website=etymonline.com |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> ''[[Wiktionary:mutt|mutt]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Zoe |title=Please Do Not Call Me A 'Mutt' (Not Even You, Mom) |url=https://laist.com/news/race-in-la-please-do-not-call-me-a-mutt-mixed-ethnicity-latina-mexican-american |website=LAist |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> ''[[Melungeon]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=melungeon |title=Melungeon |website=etymonline.com |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> ''[[quadroon]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=quadroon |title=Quadroon |website=etymonline.com |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> ''octoroon'', ''[[zambo|sambo/zambo]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=sambo |title=Sambo |website=etymonline.com |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> ''Eurasian'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=eurasian |title=Eurasian |website=etymonline.com |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> ''[[hapa]]'', ''[[hāfu]]'', ''[[Garifuna]]'', ''[[pardo]]'', and ''[[Gurans (Transbaikal people)|Gurans]]''. A number of these terms are now considered offensive, in addition to those that were initially coined for pejorative use. "Melezi" are called the offspring of Muslim Romani men and woman of host populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cY3sWxLpKNwJ:https://issuu.com/erste-foundation/docs/20_erolova+&cd=15&hl=de&ct=clnk&gl=de&client=firefox-b-d |title=Turkish Roma from Bulgaria and their Migration to Poland by ERSTE Foundation - Issuu}}</ref>

Individuals of mixed-race backgrounds make up a significant portion of the population in many parts of the world. In [[North America]], studies have found that the mixed race population is continuing to grow. In many countries of [[Latin America]], [[mestizo]]s make up the majority of the population and in some others also [[mulatto]]es. In the Caribbean, mixed race people officially make up the majority of the population in the Dominican Republic (73%), Aruba (68%), and Cuba (51%).<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Department of State People Profiles Latin American Countries |url=http://latinostories.com/Latin_America_Resources/Latin_American_Country_Profiles.htm |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527182206/http://latinostories.com/Latin_America_Resources/Latin_American_Country_Profiles.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Definitions ==

=== In terms of race ===
{{See also|Race (human categorization)}}
[[Race and genetics#Defining race|While defining race is controversial]],<ref>{{cite journal |quote=Not surprisingly, biomedical scientists are divided in their opinions about race. Some characterize it as 'biologically meaningless' or 'not based on scientific evidence', whereas others advocate the use of race in making decisions about medical treatment or the design of research studies." |title=Genetic variation, classification and 'race' |first1=Lynn B. |last1=Jorde |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |first2=Stephen P. |last2=Wooding |volume=36 |issue=11 Suppl |pages=S28–S33 |year=2004 |pmid=15508000 |doi=10.1038/ng1435 |doi-access=free}} citing {{Cite journal |url=http://www2.webmatic.it/workO/s/113/pr-436-file_it-Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20USA%2094.pdf |title=An apportionment of human DNA diversity |first1=Guido |last1=Barbujani |first2=Arianna |last2=Magagni |first3=Eric |last3=Minch |first4=L. Luca |last4=Cavalli-Sforza |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA]] |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=4516–4519 |date=April 1997 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.9.4516 |pmid=9114021 |pmc=20754 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.4516B |doi-access=free |access-date=5 August 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081230/http://www2.webmatic.it/workO/s/113/pr-436-file_it-Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20USA%2094.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''race'' remains a commonly used term for classification, often related to visible physical characteristics or known community. In so far as race is defined differently in different cultures, perceptions of mixed race are subjective.

According to U.S. sociologist [[Troy Duster]] and ethicist Pilar Ossorio:
{{Blockquote|Some percentage of people who look native European will possess genetic markers indicating that a significant majority of their recent ancestors were African. Some percentage of people who look African or native African will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European.<ref>{{cite web |first=Carolyn |last=Abraham |url=http://www.racesci.org/racescinow/genetics,race,and%20ancestry/6.html |title=Molecular Eyewitness: DNA Gets a Human Face |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605145510/http://www.racesci.org/racescinow/genetics%2Crace%2Cand%20ancestry/6.html |archive-date=5 June 2008}} (quoted from ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', 25 June 2005), ''RaceSci''.</ref>}}

In the United States:
{{Blockquote|Many state and local agencies comply with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 1997 revised standards for the collection, tabulation, and presentation of federal data on race and ethnicity. The revised OMB standards identify a minimum of five racial categories: [[White American|European American]]; [[African American]]; [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaska Native]]; [[Asian American|Asian]]; and [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]. Perhaps the most significant change for Census 2000 was that respondents were given the option to mark one or more races on the questionnaire to indicate their racial identity. [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#Census 2000|Census 2000]] race data are shown for people who reported a race either alone or in combination with one or more other races.<ref name=MRDSF>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/archives/files/MRSF-01-US1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918181635/http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/files/MRSF-01-US1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2004 |title=Modified Race Data Summary File |work=2000 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 October 2009}}</ref>}}

==== Related terms ====
In the [[English-speaking world]], many terms for mixed race people exist, some of which are pejorative or are no longer used. ''[[Mulato]]'', ''[[zambo]]'' and ''[[mestizo]]'' are used in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], ''[[mulato]]'', ''[[caboclo]]'', ''cafuzo'', ''ainoko'' (from [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) and ''[[mestiço]]'' in Portuguese, and ''mulâtre'' and ''[[métis]]'' in [[French language|French]]. These terms are also in certain contexts used in the English-speaking world. In [[Canada]], the [[Métis people|Métis]] are a recognized ethnic group of mixed European and [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Indigenous American]] descent, who have status in the law similar to that of [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]].

Terms such as ''mulatto'' for people of partially African descent and ''mestizo'' for people of partially Native American descent are still used by English-speaking people of the Western Hemisphere{{citation needed|reason=which country ie. AE or BE etc.|date=July 2011}} but mostly to refer to the past or to the demography of [[Latin America]] and its diasporic population. ''[[Half-breed]]'' is a historic term that referred to people of partial Native American ancestry; it is now considered pejorative and discouraged from use. ''Mestee'', once widely used, is now used mostly for members of historically mixed-race groups, such as Louisiana Creoles, [[Melungeon]]s, [[Redbone (ethnicity)|Redbones]], [[Brass Ankles]] and [[Mayles]].

In South Africa and much of English-speaking southern Africa, the term ''Coloured'' was used to describe both mixed-race persons of African and European descent, and those Asians not of African descent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Power!: Black Workers, Their Unions and the Struggle for Freedom in South Africa |first1=Denis |last1=MacShane |first2=Martin |last2=Plaut |first3=David |last3=Ward |publisher=[[South End Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-89608-244-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rLrJ-_78SB0C&pg=PA7 7] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLrJ-_78SB0C |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> While the term is socially accepted, it is becoming outdated because of its association with the [[apartheid]] era.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

In Latin America, populations became triracial after the introduction of African slavery. A panoply of terms developed during the Spanish and Portuguese colonial periods, including terms such as ''[[zambo]]'' for persons of Native American and native African descent. Charts and diagrams intended to explain the classifications were common. The well-known ''[[Casta]]'' paintings in Mexico and, to some extent, Peru, were illustrations of the different classifications.

At one time, Latin American census categories have used such classifications. In Brazilian censuses since the [[Empire of Brazil|Imperial times]], for example, most persons of mixed heritage, except [[Asian Brazilian]]s with some [[European Brazilian|European descent]] (or any other to the extent it is not clearly perceptible) and vice versa, tend to be thrown into the single category of "[[pardo]]". But [[Race in Brazil|racial boundaries in Brazil]] are related less to ancestry than to phenotype. A westernized Amerindian with [[copper (color)|copper-colored]] skin may also be classified as a "pardo", a ''caboclo'' in this case, despite not being mixed race. A European-looking person, even with one or more native [[Demographics of Africa|African]] or Indigenous ancestors, is not classified as "pardo" but as "branco", a [[white Brazilian]]. The same applies to "negros", [[Afro-Brazilian]]s whose European or Native American ancestors are not visible in their appearance. According to genetic research, most Brazilians of all racial groups (except Asian-Brazilians and natives) are, to some extent, mixed-race.

In English, the terms ''[[miscegenation]]'' and ''amalgamation'' were used for unions between whites, blacks, and other ethnic groups. The term 'miscegenation' initially replaced 'amalgamation' due to the latter's association with slavery in the 1800s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leiter |first1=Andrew B. |title=In the Shadow of the Black Beast: African American Masculinity in the Harlem and Southern Renaissances |date=1 May 2010 |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=978-0-8071-4635-4 |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h9fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Striner |first1=Richard |title=Lincoln and Race |date=11 April 2012 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-3078-2 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwzyoNirIgMC&pg=PA54 |language=en}}</ref> while 'miscegenation' is today often considered offensive and controversial.<ref name="NPR1" /> The terms ''mixed-race'', ''biracial'' or ''multiracial'' are becoming generally accepted. In other languages, terms for miscegenation are not necessarily considered offensive.<ref name="NPR1">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/08/25/455470334/all-mixed-up-what-do-we-call-people-of-multiple-backgrounds |title=All Mixed Up: What Do We Call People Of Multiple Backgrounds? |last=Donnella |first=Leah |date=25 August 2016 |work=[[NPR]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=10 July 2021 |quote=While miscegenation is by no means considered a neutral word today, very few people know just how laden it is. [...] Today, "mixed race" seems to have won out in academic writing. [...] Results for "biracial" and "multiracial" combined offer up about half that. But the debate continues, inside and outside the ivory tower.}}</ref>

=== In terms of ethnicity ===
The terms multi-ethnic people or ethnically-mixed people are used to refer to people who are of more than one [[ethnicity]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Ualiyeva |first1=Saule K. |last2=Edgar |first2=Adrienne L. |title=4. In the Laboratory of Peoples' Friendship: Mixed People in Kazakhstan from the Soviet Era to the Present |journal=Global Mixed Race |date=31 December 2020 |pages=68–90 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814770733.003.0004}}</ref>

== Regions with significant mixed race populations ==

=== Africa ===
In [[East Africa]], specifically [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] (including portions of the [[East African Community]]), people of mixed race are called [[half-caste]]s (in English) or ''chotara'' (singular, in [[Swahili language|Swahili]]),'' wachotara'' (plural in Swahili).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swahili-English Dictionary |url=https://www.swahili.it/glossword/index.php?a=term&t=ae5bafa4aca8a6b058 |website=Swahili - English dictionary}}</ref>

==== North Africa ====
{{Further|Afro-Arab}}
In North Africa, numerous mixed race communities can be found, reflecting a history of both extensive Mediterranean trade around the region and later colonization and migration by African groups. Among these are the [[Haratin]], oasis-dwellers of Saharan southern [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], and [[Mauritania]]. They are believed to be an ethnicity composed of [[Sub-Saharan African]] and [[Berber people|Berber]] ancestry. They constitute a socially and ethnically distinct group within the Maghreb.<ref name="Anderson">Bridget Anderson, ''World Directory of Minorities'' (Minority Rights Group International: 1997), p. 435.</ref>

For centuries, [[Arab slave trade|Arab]] slave traders sold sub-Saharan Africans as slaves in cumulatively large numbers throughout the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Anatolia]], [[Central Asia]] and the [[Arab world]]. Communities descended from these slaves and local peoples can be found throughout these regions.<ref name="Gwyn Campbell 2003">Gwyn Campbell, ''The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia'', 1 edition, (Routledge: 2003), p.ix</ref> Barbary pirates were known to attack European and British ships and take Europeans into slavery as well. So many were taken, that the memoirs of survivors are considered a literary genre known as [[captivity narratives]]. When English and other European colonists were taken captive by Native Americans, they had models for recounting their trials.

==== South Africa ====
[[Image:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Extended [[Coloured]] family from [[South Africa]].]]
{{Main|Coloureds}}
In [[South Africa]], the [[Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949|Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act]] of 1949 prohibited marriage between Native Europeans (people of European descent) and non-Whites (being classified as African, Asian and Coloured). But this followed centuries of interaction and unions resulting in mixed race children. This law was repealed in 1985.

Mixed race South Africans are commonly referred to as ''[[Coloured]]s''. According to the 2016 South African Census,<ref name="2016 census">{{Cite journal |last=Lehohla |first=P. J. |date=25 August 2016 |title=South African Census |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022016.pdf |journal=Statistics South Africa |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920233536/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022016.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> they are the second-largest ethnic group (8.8%), behind [[Bantu peoples in South Africa|Native Africans]], or Native African Bantu peoples, who constitute (80.8%) of the current population. [[European South Africans]] make up 8.1%.<ref name="2016 census"/>

=== Asia ===

==== India ====
[[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]], a radical thinker and educator, was of Indian and European background. {{Relevance inline|reason=This sentence doesn't seem to be connected to the topic.|date=December 2021}}
Prior to colonization, the peoples of India had a long history of trade and other interaction with other peoples. More recently a Eurasian mix developed during the Colonial period, beginning with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and other European traders and merchants, including British. Such interaction continued during the [[British Raj|British Rule]] in India, although it lessened as British families settled in the country. The estimated population of Anglo-Indians, the term for these Eurasians, is 600,000 worldwide, with the majority living in India and the UK.

Article 366(2) of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] defines Anglo-Indian as:<ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/a035833a480e4514802565530037bf7e?OpenDocument "Treaty Bodies Database – Document – State Party Report"] United Nations Human Rights Website. 29 April 1996.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/255331/ |title=Article 366(2) in The Constitution of India 1949 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> <blockquote>(2) an Anglo-Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only;</blockquote>

==== Myanmar (Burma) ====
[[Myanmar]] (formerly Burma) was a British colony from 1826 until 1948. Other European nationals were active in the country before the British arrived. Intermarriage and relationships took place among such settlers and merchants with the local Burmese population, and subsequently between British colonists and the Burmese. The local Eurasian population is known as the [[Anglo-Burmese]]. This group dominated colonial society and through the early years of independence. After Burma gained independence in 1948, many [[Anglo-Burmese]] left the country; the diaspora resides primarily in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[UK]]. An estimated 52,000 Anglo-Burmese live in Burma.

==== Philippines ====
{{See also|Filipino mestizo}}
[[File:Mestizos, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734).jpg|thumb|Mestizos as illustrated in the ''[[Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas]]'', 1734.]]
The [[Philippines]] was a [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish colony]] for almost four centuries, or 333 years. The United States took it over after the Spanish-American War, ruling for 46 years. Many Filipinos are mixed [[Spanish Filipino]], and according to [[Fedor Jagor]], One-Third of Luzon which holds half the Philippine population, has Spanish or Latin-American admxiture. And it also has Philippine-American descent.<ref>Fëdor Jagor et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes'']</ref> 

After the defeat of Spain during the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898, the Philippines and other remaining [[Spanish colonies]] were ceded to the United States in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]]. The Philippines was under U.S. [[sovereignty]] until 1946, though occupied by Japan during World War II. In 1946, in the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]], the U.S. recognized the Republic of the Philippines as an independent nation. Even after 1946, the U.S. maintained a strong military presence in the Philippines, with as many as 21 U.S. military bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there as defense in Asia and during the Vietnam War. 

After the bases closed in 1992, American troops left, often abandoning partners and their [[Amerasian]] children.<ref name="findarticles.com">{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199710/ai_n8759139 |title=Women and children, militarism, and human rights: International Women's Working Conference – Off Our Backs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203035557/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199710/ai_n8759139 |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians in the Philippines, with 5,000 in the Clark area of [[Angeles City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed061901a.html |title=Many needy Amerasian children are legacies of U.S. presence in Philippines |date=19 June 2001 |website=stripes.com |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324024655/https://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed061901a.html |archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref> An academic research paper presented in the U.S. (in 2012) by an Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines Amerasian college research study unit suggests that the number could be a lot more, possibly reaching 250,000. This is also partially due to the fact that almost all Amerasians intermarried with other Amerasians and Filipino natives.<ref name="time-2001-04-16">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,106430,00.html |title=The Forgotten Angels |access-date=2007-06-20 |last=Beech |first=Hannah |date=2001-04-16 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123175954/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C106430%2C00.html |archive-date=2007-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Mixed Marriage...Interreligious, Interracial, Interethnic
By Dr. Robert H. Schram</ref> The newer Amerasians from the United States would add to the already older settlement of peoples from other countries in the Americas that happened when the Philippines was under Spanish rule,<ref>Stephanie Mawson, 'Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific' (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.</ref> as the Philippines once received immigrants from Spanish occupied Panama, Peru,<ref name="Peru">[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "Second Book of the Second Part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and Chronicle of the Religious of Our Father, St. Augustine"] (Zamboanga City History)
"He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref> and Mexico.<ref name="Mehl-2016">{{cite book|last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/22713BE2A688A4F8DFF62EDE85BE427E |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-316-48012-0 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316480120}}</ref>{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}

In the United States, intermarriage between Filipinos and other ethnicities is common. They have the highest number of [[interracial marriage]]s among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-nation.org/interracial.shtml |title=Interracial Dating & Marriage |publisher=asian-nation.org |access-date=30 August 2007}}</ref> Some 21.8% of Philippine-Americans are of mixed ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-nation.org/multiracial.shtml |title=Multiracial / Hapa Asian Americans |publisher=asian-nation.org |access-date=30 August 2007}}</ref>

==== Singapore and Malaysia ====
According to government statistics, the population of [[Singapore]] as of September 2007 was 4.68 million. Mixed race people, including [[Chindians]] and [[Eurasian Singaporeans|Eurasians]], formed 2.4%.

In Singapore and [[Malaysia]], the majority of inter-ethnic marriages are between [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indians]]. The offspring of such marriages are informally known as "[[Chindian]]". The Malaysian government classifies them only by their father's ethnicity. As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian groom and Chinese bride, the majority of Chindians in Malaysia are usually classified as "[[Malaysian Indian|Indian]]" by the government. As for the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], who are predominantly [[Muslim]], legal restrictions in Malaysia make it uncommon for them to intermarry with either the Indians, who are predominantly [[Hindu]], or the Chinese, who are predominantly [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia |last=Daniels |first=Timothy P. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-94971-2 |page=189}}</ref> But Indian Muslims and [[Arab Singaporean|Arabs in Singapore]] and Malaysia often take local Malay wives, because of their common [[Islam]]ic faith.<ref name="Arab-Malays">{{Cite book |url=http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=ArabMalays |title=Arab and native intermarriage in Austronesian Asia |work=ColorQ World |access-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>

The [[Chitty]] people, in Singapore and the [[Malacca]] state of Malaysia, are [[Tamils]] with considerable Malay ancestry. The early Tamil settlers took local wives, as they had not brought their own women at that time.

In the East Malaysian states of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]], intermarriage has been common between [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] and native tribespeople, such as the [[Murut people|Murut]] and [[Dusun]] in Sabah, and the [[Iban people|Iban]] and [[Bisaya (Borneo)|Bisaya]] in Sarawak. A mixture of cultures has resulted in both states. The offspring of these marriages are called "Sino-(name of tribe)", e.g. Sino-Dusun. Normally, children are strongly affected by the father's ethnicity and culture, being raised in his culture. These Sino-natives usually become fluent in both [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[English language|English]]. A smaller number are able to speak Chinese dialects and [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], especially those who have received education in vernacular Chinese schools.

==== Sri Lanka ====
Due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, the island of [[Sri Lanka]] has been a confluence for settlers from various parts of the world. There are several mixed-race ethnicities in the Island. The most notable mixed-race group are the [[Sri Lankan Moors]], who trace their ancestry to Arab traders who settled on the island and intermarried with local women. Today, the Sri Lankan Moors live primarily in urban communities. They preserve Arab-Islamic cultural heritage while adopting many Southern Asian customs.

The [[Burgher People|Burghers]] are a Eurasian ethnic group. They are descendants through paternal lines of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, German and British) and with maternal ancestry among local women. Other European minorities in such admixtures include Swedish, Norwegian, French and Irish.

The [[Sri Lanka Kaffir people|Sri Lanka Kaffirs]] are an ethnic group partially descended from 16th-century Portuguese traders and their enslaved Africans. The Kaffirs spoke a distinctive creole based on Portuguese, the Sri Lanka Kaffir language, which is now extinct. Their cultural heritage includes the dance styles Kaffringna and Manja, as well as the Portuguese Sinhalese, Creole, Afro-Sinhalese varieties.

==== Vietnam ====
Under terms of the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords of 1954]], departing French troops took thousands of Vietnamese wives and children with them after the [[First Indochina War]]. Some Eurasians stayed in Vietnam, after independence from French rule.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808572,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214125009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808572,00.html |archive-date=14 December 2008 |title=South Viet Nam: The Girls Left Behind |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 September 1956}}</ref>

==== China ====
{{Main|Hùnxuě'ér}}

==== West Asia ====
{{Further|Afro-Arab|Afro-Iranians|Afro Turks}}
[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] slave traders sold slaves in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries throughout the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Anatolia]], [[Central Asia]] and the [[Arab world]] and communities descended from these slaves can be found throughout these regions.<ref name="Gwyn Campbell 2003"/>

=== Europe ===
[[Romani people]] are of mixed South Asian, Middle Eastern and European ancestry. They settled in Europe thousands of years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2015201|title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma}}</ref>
==== United Kingdom ====
{{Main|Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)}}
In 1991 an analysis of the census showed that 50% of Mixed Caribbean men born in the UK have native British partners,<ref>{{cite book |first=France Winddance |last=Twine |title=A White Side of Black Britain |location=Durham |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |date=2010}}</ref> and the 2011 BBC documentary ''Mixed Britannia'' noted that 1 in 10 British children are growing up in mixed households. 
 
In 2000, ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' reported that "Britain has the highest rate of interracial relationships in the world" and certainly the UK has the highest rate in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Harlow |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |date=9 April 2000 |quote=quoting Professor Richard Berthoud of the Institute for Social and Economic Research}}</ref> The 2001 census showed the population of England to be 1.4% mixed-race, compared with 2.7% in Canada and 1.4% in the U.S. (estimate from 2002), although this U.S. figure did not include mixed-race people who had a parent with African Ancestry. Both the US and UK have fewer people identifying as mixed race, however, than Canada.

In the United Kingdom, many mixed race people have [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]], [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] or [[British Asian|Asian]] heritage. For example, supermodel [[Naomi Campbell]], who has [[Jamaicans|Jamaican]], [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] and [[Asia]]n roots. Some, like 2008 [[Formula One]] World Champion, [[Lewis Hamilton]], are referred to or describe themselves as '[[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|mixed]]'.<!-- The majority of mixed-race Britons identified themselves as 'mixed-race' on the 2001 census.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}appears to be refuted by http://www.statistics.gov.uk/lib2001/Section3597.html -->

The [[2001 UK Census]] included a section entitled 'Mixed' to which 1.4% (1.6% by 2005 estimates) of people responded, which was split further into ''White and Black Caribbean, White and Asian, White and Native African'' and ''Other Mixed''.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In the 2011 census, 2.2% chose 'Mixed' for the question on ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest#by-ethnicity |title=UK Census 2011, Ethnicity |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
{{See also|Métis in Canada}}
[[File:Keanu Reves in Mexico 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Canadian actor and musician [[Keanu Reeves]] is of [[English Canadians|English]], [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]], [[Irish Canadians|Irish]], [[Portuguese Canadians|Portuguese]] and [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/25/Keanu-Reeves.html |title=Keanu Reeves Film Reference biography |publisher=Film Reference |access-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="reulu">{{Cite news |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Aug/18/ln/ln07a.html |title=Rooted in Kuli'ou'ou Valley |last=Hoover |first=Will |date=18 August 2002 |access-date=8 December 2010 |publisher=Honolulu Advertiser}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr77.asp |title=NEHGS – Articles |publisher=Newenglandancestors.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421022826/http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr77.asp |archive-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>]]
[[File:Canada Census Multiple Visible Minority 1996 - 2016.png|thumb|left|Canada Census Multiple Visible Minority 1996 – 2016]]
Mixed race Canadians in 2006 officially totaled 1.5% of the population, up from 1.2% in 2001. The official mixed race population grew by 25% since the previous census. Of these, the most frequent combinations were ''multiple visible minorities'' (for example, people of mixed black and South Asian heritage form the majority, specifically in [[Toronto]]), followed closely by ''white-black'', ''white-Chinese'', ''white-Arab'' and many other smaller mixes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=97-562-XCB2006007&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=0&IPS=97-562-XCB2006007&METH=0&ORDER=&PID=92334&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=&StartRow=&SUB=&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |title=Population Groups (28) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |date=12 June 2008 |work=2006 Census: Data Products |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204144216/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=97-562-XCB2006007&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=0&IPS=97-562-XCB2006007&METH=0&ORDER=&PID=92334&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=&StartRow=&SUB=&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-date=4 February 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref>

During the time of [[slavery in the United States]], a very large but unknown number of African American slaves escaped to Canada, where [[slavery in Canada|slavery]] was made illegal in 1834, via the [[Underground Railroad]]. Many of these people married in with European Canadian and Native Canadian populations, although their precise numbers and the numbers of their descendants, are not known.

Another 1.2% of Canadians officially are [[Métis in Canada|Métis]] (descendants of a historical population who were partially [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]]—also called "Indian" or "Native"—and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]], particularly [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[French people|French]] ethnic groups). Although the term "Métis" stems from the Latin verb {{lang|la|miscēre}}, "to mix", the Métis people are a distinct ethnic group within Canada.

==== United States ====
{{Main|Multiracial Americans}}
{{Further|Black Indians in the United States|Melungeons|Métis in the United States|Children of the Plantation}}
[[File:US Census Two or More Races.png|thumb|left|upright=1.5|US Census reporting of Two or Mixed Races 2010 – 2019]]
In the [[United States]], the 2000 census was the first in the history of the country to offer respondents the option of identifying themselves as belonging to more than one race. This mixed race option was considered a necessary adaptation to the demographic and cultural changes that the United States has been experiencing.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2005 |title=The New Race Question: How The Census Counts Multiracial Individuals |publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]] |isbn=978-0871546586}}</ref>

Mixed race [[Americans]] officially numbered 6.1 million in 2006, or 2.0% of the population.<ref name=b02001>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/acs-1year/2006.html |title=B02001. Race – Universe: total Population |work=2006 [[American Community Survey]] |access-date=30 January 2008 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-6.pdf |title=The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief |access-date=8 May 2008 |last1=Jones |first1=Nicholas A. |first2=Amy Symens |last2=Smith |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> There is considerable evidence that an accurate number would be much higher. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their mixed race heritage. The development of [[binary thinking]] about race meant that African Americans, a high proportion of whom have also had European ancestry, were classified as black. Some are now reclaiming additional ancestries. Many Americans today are multi-racial without knowing it. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, 75% of all [[African American]]s had mixed ancestries usually European and Native American.<ref name="Quintana">{{cite book |editor1-first=Stephen M. |editor1-last=Quintana |editor2-first=Clark |editor2-last=McKown |title=Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child |date=2008 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0470189801 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d34N68eY-3QC |access-date=1 January 2015 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 2010, the number of Americans who checked both "black" and "white" on their census forms was 134 percent higher than it had been a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1953/multi-race-2010-census-obama |title=Multi-Race and the 2010 Census |access-date=26 April 2011 |last=Cohn |first=D'Vera |date=6 April 2011 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> In 2012, those choosing 'Two or more races' on the census was 2.4% of the total.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/mso/www/training/pdf/race-ethnicity-onepager.pdf |title=US Census, Race and Ethnicty |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

According to [[James P. Allen]] and Eugene Turner, by some calculations in the 2000 Census, the mixed race population that is part white is as follows:
*White/Native American and [[Alaskan Native]]: 7,015,017
*White/African American: 737,492
*White/Asian: 727,197 and
*White/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander: 125,628.<ref>{{cite web |first1=James P. |last1=Allen |first2=Eugene |last2=Turner |url=http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc |title=Bridging 1990 and 2000 census race data: Fractional assignment of multiracial populations |format=DOC |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002234040/http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc |archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref>

The stigma of a mixed race heritage, associated with racial discrimination among numerous racial groups, has decreased significantly in the United States. People of mixed-race heritage can identify themselves now in the U.S. Census by any combination of races, whereas before Americans were required to select from only one category. For example, in 2010, they were offered choices of one or more racial categories from the following list:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/questionnaire.aspx |title=The 2010 Census Questionnaire: Seven Questions for Everyone |publisher=Population Reference Bureau |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*White
*Black, African Am. or Negro
*American Indian or Alaska Native
*Asian Indian
{{col-break}}
*Chinese
*Filipino
*Japanese
*Korean
*Vietnamese
{{col-break}}
*Native Hawaiian
*Guamanian or Chamorro
*Samoan
{{col-break}}
*Other Asian [specify]
*Other Pacific Islander [specify]
*Some Other Race [specify]
{{col-end}}

[[File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]], the first mixed race [[President of the United States]]]]

The US has a growing mixed race identity movement, reflective of a desire by people to claim their full identities. [[Interracial marriage]], most notably between whites and blacks, was historically deemed immoral and illegal in most states in the 18th, 19th and first half of the 20th century because of its long association of blacks with the slave caste. [[California]] and the [[Western United States]] had similar laws to prohibit European-Asian marriages, which was associated with discrimination against Chinese and Japanese on the West Coast. Many states eventually repealed such laws and a 1967 decision by the US Supreme Court (''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'') overturned all remaining US [[anti-miscegenation laws]].

The United States is one of the most racially diverse countries in the world. Americans are mostly mixed ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities culturally distinct in their former countries. [[Cultural assimilation|Assimilation]] and [[racial integration|integration]] took place, unevenly at different periods of history, depending on the American region. The "Americanization" of foreign ethnic groups and the inter-racial diversity of millions of Americans has been a fundamental part of its history, especially on frontiers where different groups of people came together.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.diversityspectrum.com/index.php/Multi-Racial/Multiracial-Dimensions-in-the-United-States-and-Around-the-World |title=Multiracial Dimensions in the United States and Around the World |publisher=diversityspectrum.com |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

On January 20, 2009, [[Barack Obama]] was sworn in as America's first mixed race president,<ref name="Jolivétte2012">{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Jolivétte |title=Obama and the Biracial Factor: The Battle for a New American Majority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNVeD3KO8fcC |date=February 2012 |publisher=[[Policy Press]] |isbn=978-1-4473-0100-4 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> as he is the son of a [[European Americans|European American]] mother and a [[Luo people (Kenya)|Luo]] father from Kenya. He acknowledges both parents. His official [[White House]] biography describes him as [[African Americans|African American]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |title=President Barack Obama |publisher= whitehouse.gov |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> In Hawai'i, the U.S. state in which he was born, he would be called "[[hapa]]", which is the [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] word for "mixed race".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html |title=The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans |publisher=UH Today |date=Spring 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113060824/http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
{{See also|Euronesian}}

==== Fiji ====
[[Fiji]] has long been a multi-ethnic country, with a vast majority of people being mixed race even if they do not self-identify in that manner. The indigenous Fijians are of mixed Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry, resulting from years of migration of islanders from various places mixing with each other. Fiji Islanders from the Lau group have intermarried with [[Tonga]]ns and other Polynesians over the years. The overwhelming majority of the rest of the indigenous Fijians, though, can be genetically traced to having mixed Polynesian/Melanesian ancestry.

The Indo-Fijian population is also a hodge-podge of South Asian immigrants (called Girmits in Fiji), who came as indentured labourers beginning in 1879. While a few of these labourers managed to bring wives, many of them either took or were given wives once they arrived in Fiji. The Girmits, who are classified as simply "Indians" to this day, came from many parts of the Indian subcontinent of present-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and to a lesser degree [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. It is easy to recognize the Indian mixtures present in Fiji and see obvious traces of Southern and Northern Indians and other groups who have been categorised together. To some degree, even more of this phenomenon would have likely happened if the religious groups represented (primarily Hindu, Muslim and [[Sikh]]) had not resisted to some degree marriage between religious groups, which tended to be from more similar parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Over the years, particularly in the [[sugar cane]]-growing regions of Western [[Viti Levu]] and parts of [[Vanua Levu]], Indo-Fijians and Indigenous Fijians have mixed. Others have Chinese/Fijian ancestry, Indo-Fijian/[[Samoa]]n or Rotuman ancestry and European/Fijian ancestry (often called "part Fijians"). The latter are often descendants of shipwrecked sailors and settlers who came during the colonial period. Migration from a dozen or more different Pacific countries ([[Tuvalu]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], Samoa and [[Wallis and Futuna]] being the most prevalent) have added to the various ethnicities and intermarriages.

===Latin America and the Caribbean===
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in Latin America|Casta}}
{{See also|Mestizo|Pardo|Zambo|Mulatto|Dougla people}}
[[File:SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jamaica]]n [[dancehall]] artist [[Sean Paul]]'s mother is of [[English people|English]] and [[Chinese Jamaicans|Chinese Jamaican]] descent; his paternal grandmother was [[Afro-Caribbean people|Afro-Caribbean]] and his paternal grandfather was a [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jew]] from [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/813_sean_paul.htm |title=Sean Paul |last=Westbrook |first=Caroline |date=13 February 2004 |publisher=Something Jewish |access-date=14 July 2008 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>]]
[[Mestizo]] is the common word used to describe mixed race people in [[Latin America]], especially people with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] and [[Spaniards|Spanish]] or other European ancestry. Mestizos make up a large portion of Latin Americans, comprising a majority in many countries.

In Latin America, racial mixture was officially acknowledged from colonial times. There was official nomenclature for every conceivable mixture present in the various countries. Initially, this classification was used as a type of caste system, where rights and privileges were accorded depending on one's official racial classification. Official caste distinctions were abolished in many countries of the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking [[Americas]] as they became independent of Spain. Several terms have remained in common usage.

Race and racial mixture have played a significant role in the politics of many Latin American countries. In most countries, for example [[Mexico]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Panama]], a majority of the population can be described as biracial or mixed race (depending on the country). In [[Demographics of Mexico#"Mestizo" as the default national identity|Mexico]], over 80% of the population is [[mestizo]] in some degree or another.<ref name="INMEGEN">{{cite journal |last1=Silva-Zolezzi |first1=I. |last2=Hidalgo-Miranda |first2=A. |last3=Estrada-Gil |first3=J. |last4=Fernandez-Lopez |first4=J. C. |last5=Uribe-Figueroa |first5=L. |last6=Contreras |first6=A. |last7=Balam-Ortiz |first7=E. |last8=del Bosque-Plata |first8=L. |last9=Velazquez Fernandez |first9=D. |last10=Lara |first10=C. |last11=Goya |first11=R. |last12=Hernandez-Lemus |first12=E. |last13=Davila |first13=C. |last14=Barrientos |first14=E. |last15=March |first15=S. |last16=Jimenez-Sanchez |first16=G. |title=Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |date=26 May 2009 |volume=106 |number=21 |pages=8611–6|doi=10.1073/pnas.0903045106 |pmid=19433783 |pmc=2680428 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Mexican philosopher and educator [[José Vasconcelos]] authored an essay on the subject, ''[[La Raza Cósmica]]'', celebrating racial mixture. [[Venezuela]]n ex-president [[Hugo Chávez]], himself of Spanish, indigenous and African ancestry, made positive references to the mixed race ancestry of most Latin Americans from time to time.

Colonialism throughout the [[West Indies]] has created diverse populations on many islands, including people of mixed race identities. Of note is the mixture of [[Afro-Caribbean people|West African communities]], most brought to the region as slaves and [[Indo-Caribbeans|East Indian]] settlers most of whom came as indentured labor after the abolition of slavery. [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]] and [[Suriname]] claim the highest populations of such mixtures, known locally as ''[[dougla]]s''. In addition to such mixtures, many inhabitants of the West Indies can also have any combination of [[Amerindian]], [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]], [[White|European]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Jews|Jewish]] heritage.

==== Brazil ====
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2009}}
{{Main|Pardo Brazilians|Mixed-race Brazilian}}
[[File:Cannes 2015 22.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Adriana Lima]] is of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/adriana-lima-/1224 |title=Adriana Lima |magazine=[[Vogue Paris]] |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209115617/http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/adriana-lima-/1224 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Afro-Brazilians|Afro-Brazilian]], [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]], [[Swiss people|Swiss]], [[West Indian]] and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] ancestry, which classifies her as a [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo Brazilian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdemulher.abril.com.br/blogs/modaspot-news/no-auge-do-sucesso-top-adriana-lima-completa-30-anos/ |title=No auge do sucesso, top Adriana Lima completa 30 anos &#124; MODASPOT News |language=pt-br |trans-title= |access-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140728013935/http://mdemulher.abril.com.br/blogs/modaspot-news/no-auge-do-sucesso-top-adriana-lima-completa-30-anos/ |archive-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>]]
According to the 2010 official census, 43.13% of [[Brazilians]] identified themselves as [[pardo]] skin color.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/cor_raca_Censo2000.pdf |title=Censo Demográfico 2000 |trans-title=Demographic Census 2000 |publisher=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |language=pt-BR |access-date=14 July 2008 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> That option is normally marked by [[Brazil#Ethnicity|people that consider themselves mixed race]] ({{lang|pt-br|mestiço}}). The [[Mixed Race Day]] or Mestizo Day ({{lang|pt-br|Dia do Mestiço}}), on 27 June, is official event in States of Amazonas, Roraima e Paraíba and a holiday in two cities. The term {{lang|pt-br|pardo}} is formally used in the official census but is not used by the population. In Brazilian society, most people who are mixed race call themselves {{lang|pt-br|moreno}}: light-{{lang|pt-br|moreno}} or dark-{{lang|pt-br|moreno}}. Those terms are not considered offensive and focus more on skin color than on ethnicity (it is considered more like other human characteristics such as being short or tall).

The most common mixed race groups are between European and African (''[[mulatto]]'') and Amerindian and European (''[[caboclo]]'' or ''mameluco''). But there are also African and Amerindian (''cafuzo'') and East Asian (mostly Japanese) and European/other (''ainoko'' or more recently, ''[[hāfu]]''). All groups are more or less found throughout the whole country. Brazilian mixed race people with the following three origins, Amerindian, European and African, make up the majority. It is said today{{who|date=September 2016}} that 89% or even more of the "Pardo" population in Brazil has at least one Amerindian ancestor (most of ''brancos'' or White Brazilian population have some Amerindian or African ancestry too despite nearly half of the country's population self-labeling as "Caucasian" in the censuses.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In Brazil, it is very common for mixed race people to claim that they have no Amerindian ancestry, but studies have found{{who|date=September 2016}} that if a Brazilian mixed race people can trace their ancestry back to nearly eight to nine generations, they will have at least one Amerindian ancestor from their maternal side of the family.

Since mixed race relations in Brazilian society have occurred for many generations, some people find it difficult to trace their own ethnic ancestry. Today a majority of mixed-race Brazilians do not really know their ethnic ancestry. Their unique features make them Brazilian-looking in skin color, lips and nose shape or hair texture, but they are aware only that their ancestors were probably Portuguese, African or Amerindian. Also, there was a very large number of other Europeans (counted in the millions) who contributed to the Brazilian racial make up, Japanese (the largest Japanese population outside Japan), Italian (the largest Italian population outside Italy) Lebanese (the largest population of Lebanese outside Lebanon), Germans, Poles and Russians. There is also a high percentage of Brazilians of Jewish descent, perhaps hundreds of thousands, mostly found in the northeast of the country who cannot be sure of their ancestry as they descend from the so-called "Crypto-Jews" (Jews who practiced Judaism in secret but outwardly pretended to be Catholics), also called Marranos or New Christians, often considered Portuguese. According to some sources, one third of families arrived from Portugal during colonization were of Jewish origin.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

There is a high level of integration between all groups but also a great social and economic difference between European descendants (more common in upper and middle classes) and African, Amerindian and mixed race descendants (more common in lower classes), which is called [[Social apartheid in Brazil|Brazilian apartheid]].

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Amalgamation (history)]]
* [[Interracial marriage]]
* [[Half-caste]]
* [[Hyphenated ethnicity]]
* [[Melting pot]]
* [[Miscegenation]]
* [[Mixed Race Day]]
* [[Race (human classification)]]
* [[Race and genetics]]
* [[Multiethnic society]]
* [[One-drop rule]]
* [[Origins of Tutsi and Hutu]]
* [[Passing (racial identity)]]
* [[Plaçage]]
* [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact hypotheses]]
* [[Race and society]]
* [[Race traitor]]
* [[William Loren Katz]]
* [[Gurans (Transbaikal people)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Manthorpe |first=Jonathan |date=2008 |title=Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0230614246 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3D6a7bK_t0C |access-date=10 December 2014 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
{{refend}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite web
| url = http://aacap.org/page.ww?name=Multiracial+Children&section=Facts+for+Families
| title = Multiracial Children
| date = October 1999
| publisher = American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
| access-date = 14 July 2008
}}
* {{Cite book
| title = The Masters and the Slaves: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization
| last = Freyre
| first = Gilberto
| publisher = Alfred A. Knopf
| year = 1946
| isbn = 978-0-520-05665-7
| location = New York
| oclc = 7001196
| author2 = Putnam, Samuel
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Joyner
| first = Kara
| date = August 2005
| title = Interracial Relationships and the Transition to Adulthood
| journal = American Sociological Review
| publisher = American Sociological Association
| volume = 70
| issue = 4
| pages = 563–81
| doi = 10.1177/000312240507000402
| author2 = Kao, Grace
| s2cid = 145262347
}}
* {{Cite book
| title = The Rebirth of Hope: My Journey from Vietnam War Child to American Citizen
| last = Hudecek
| first = Sau Le
| publisher = Texas Christian University Press
| year = 2017
| isbn = 978-0875654324
| location = Texas
}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Multiracial people}}
* [http://www.multiracial.com/ The Multiracial Activist], an online activist publication registered with the Library of Congress, focused on multiracial individuals and interracial families since 1997
* [http://www.projectrace.com ProjectRACE], an organization leading the movement for a multiracial classification

;Advocacy groups
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813110446/http://www.ameasite.org/ Association of MultiEthnic Americans, Inc.], US
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100204100412/http://blendedpeopleamerica.com/ Blended People of America], US-based nonprofit organization representing the interests of the mixed-race community
* [http://www.nacaomestica.org Brazilian Multiracial Movement], Brazilian mixed-race organization
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190312050357/http://hafujapanese.org/ The Hafu Project], a study of half-Japanese people, London-, Munich-, Tokyo-based nonprofit organisation
* [http://www.mavinfoundation.org MAVIN Foundation], an organization advocating for mixed-heritage people and families
* [http://www.mixedraceuk.com Mixed Race UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617065712/http://www.mixedraceuk.com/ |date=17 June 2020 }}, UK-based nonprofit organization representing the interests of the mixed-race community
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006084015/http://www.mosaicequalities.org.uk/ Mosaic UK], a UK-based organisation for mixed-race families
* [http://www.pih.org.uk People in Harmony UK]
* [http://www.swirlinc.org Swirl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811054229/http://www.swirlinc.org/ |date=11 August 2015 }}, US-based mixed community

{{Multiethnicity}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multiracial}}
[[Category:Multiracial affairs]]
[[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
[[Category:Person of color]]