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| {{Short description|Plastic surgery to change ethnic appearance}}
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| {{expert needed
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| | 1 = Medicine
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| | ex2 = Sociology
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| | ex3 = Ethnic groups
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| | talk = Expert
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| | date = June 2015
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| }}
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| '''Ethnic plastic surgery''', or '''ethnic modification''', refers to the types of [[plastic surgery]] performed frequently due to certain racial or ethnic traits, or with the intention of making one's appearance more similar or less similar to people of a particular [[race (human classification)|race]] or [[ethnicity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Maureen |last2=O’Connor |first2=Maureen |date=2014-07-27 |title=Is Race Plastic? My Trip Into the 'Ethnic Plastic Surgery' Minefield |url=https://www.thecut.com/2014/07/ethnic-plastic-surgery.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The Cut |language=en}}</ref> Popular procedures which may have an ethnically-motivated component are [[rhinoplasty|rhinoplasties]] (nose jobs) and [[Blepharoplasty#Cosmetic uses|blepharoplasties]] (double eyelid surgeries).<ref name="wapo">{{cite news |title=Cosmetic Surgery Goes Ethnic |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428103033/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/25/AR2007052502387.html |archive-date=2019-04-28 |url-status=live |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/25/AR2007052502387.html}}</ref>
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| [[Michael Jackson]]'s [[Michael Jackson's health and appearance|plastic surgery]] has been discussed in the context of ethnic plastic surgery.<ref name="psp">{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Denise|title=From the Editor: Ethnic Plastic Surgery: What's in a Name? - Plastic Surgery Practice|date=21 August 2014 |url=https://plasticsurgerypractice.com/treatment-solutions/innovations/research/editor-ethnic-plastic-surgery-whats-name/|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-US}}</ref> In her book, ''Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery'', Elizabeth Haiken devotes a chapter to "The Michael Jackson Factor" presenting "[[Black People|black]], [[Asians|Asian]], and [[Jewish]] women who seek [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] noses and [[Playboy]] breasts. They are caught in the vexed immigrants' dilemma of struggling not only to [[Keeping up with the Joneses|keep up with the Joneses]] but to look like them, too."<ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/02/reviews/980802.02schillt.html America's Paint and Body Shop]</ref>
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| ==Ethical considerations==
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| Plastic surgeons Chuma J. Chike-Obi, M.D., Kofi Boahene, M.D., and Anthony E. Brissett, M.D., F.A.C.S. distinguish between motivations of aesthetics and racial transformation for patients of African descent seeking plastic surgery. In their opinion, "Patients whose desired surgical outcomes result in racial transformation should be educated about the potential risks of this objective, and these requests should generally be discouraged."<ref name = Chike-Obi>{{cite journal | author = Chike-Obi|display-authors=etal| year = 2012 | title = Tip Nuances for the Nose of African Descent | url = http://www.drboahene.com/Documents/tip%20rhinoplasty%20in%20african%20noses.pdf | journal = Facial Plast Surg | volume = 28 |issue=2 | pages = 194–201 | doi=10.1055/s-0032-1309299|pmid=22562569 |s2cid=20326026 }}</ref>
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| Feminist scholars have split views on the subject. [[Christine Overall]], professor of philosophy at [[Queen's University at Kingston]], has written that personal racial transformation, or as she puts it "transracialism", belongs to a larger class of personal surgical interventions. This larger class includes [[transsexual]] identity change, [[body art]], [[cosmetic surgery]], [[Munchhausen syndrome]], and [[labiaplasty]]. Her basic thesis is that the arguments against the ethical nature of racial transformation (e.g. "it's not possible", "betrayal of group identity", "reinforces oppression", etc.) stand or fall with the ethical arguments related to transsexual change.<ref name="Overall">{{Cite journal|last=Overall|first=Christine|date=2004-07-01|title=Transsexualism and "Transracialism"|url=https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=socphiltoday&id=socphiltoday_2004_0020_0000_0183_0196|access-date=2021-06-29|journal=Social Philosophy Today|volume=20 |pages=183–193 |doi=10.5840/socphiltoday2004203 |language=en}}</ref> [[Cressida Heyes]], professor of Philosophy of Gender and Sexuality at the [[University of Alberta]], disagrees with Overall's schema. Heyes feels that racial transformation is fundamentally different from gender transformation since race is also determined by ancestry, personal cultural history and societal definitions. Hence ethical considerations of transracial surgery are different from ethical considerations in transsexual surgery.<ref name = "Heyes">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9833.2006.00332.x | volume=37 | title=Changing Race, Changing Sex: The Ethics of Self-Transformation | year=2006 | journal=Journal of Social Philosophy | pages=266–282 | author=Heyes Cressida J| issue=2 | s2cid=145740988 | url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HEYCRC-2 }}</ref>
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| ==In popular culture==
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| In the ''[[South Park]]'' episode "[[Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina]]" Kyle undergoes an ethnic plastic surgery called "negroplasty" to qualify for the basketball team.
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| In the 2008 movie ''[[Tropic Thunder]]'', Kirk Lazarus goes through a controversial surgery to make his skin darker to play an African-American soldier.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Allophilia]]
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| * [[Fred Korematsu]]
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| * [[Good hair]]
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| * [[Health and appearance of Michael Jackson]]
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| * [[Martina Big]]
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| * [[Oli London]]
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| * [[The Operated Jew]]
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| * [[Passing (racial identity)]]
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| * [[Skin whitening]]
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| * [[Transracial (identity)]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Racism topics}}
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| [[Category:Plastic surgery]]
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| [[Category:Race and society]]
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| [[Category:Body modification process]]
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| [[Category:Identity (social science)]]
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| [[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
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| [[Category:Conceptions of self]]
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| [[Category:Ethically disputed medical practices]]
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