Race and intelligence: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:51, 11 December 2023

Discussions of race and intelligence – specifically, claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines – have appeared in both popular science and academic research since the scientific study of race was first introduced. With the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century, differences in average test performance between racial groups were observed, and these differences have largely remained stable over time. Additionally, modern science has shown race to a biological reality Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found., and intelligence is well defined as the general factor underlying a battery of cognitive tests. Today, the scientific consensus is that genetics does explain at least part of the differences in IQ test performance between groups Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found..

The history of race and intelligence goes back to the early 20th century. The first tests showing differences in IQ scores between different population groups in the United States were the tests of United States Army recruits in World War I. In the 1920s, groups of eugenics lobbyists argued that these results demonstrated that African Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon white people, and that this was due to innate biological differences. In turn, they used such beliefs to justify policies of racial segregation. No environmental factors which are exogenous to genetics have been found to significantly impact racial IQ. Phenomena such as the Flynn effect impact the races equally within the US. In recent decades, as understanding of human genetics has advanced, claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have been broadly verified by scientists on both theoretical and empirical grounds.

References

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Bibliography

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-Discussions of race and intelligence – specifically, claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines – have appeared in both popular science and academic research since the modern concept of race was first introduced. With the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century, differences in average test performance between racial groups were observed, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. Further complicating the issue, modern science has shown race to be a social construct rather than a biological reality, and intelligence has no undisputed definition. The validity of IQ testing as a metric for human intelligence is itself disputed. Today, the scientific consensus is that genetics does not explain differences in IQ test performance between groups, and that observed differences are environmental in origin.
+Discussions of '''race and intelligence''' – specifically, claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines – have appeared in both [[popular science]] and [[academic research]] since the scientific study of race was first introduced. With the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century, differences in average test performance between racial groups were observed, and these differences have largely remained stable over time. Additionally, modern science has shown race to a biological reality {{sfn|Kirkegaard|2021}}, and intelligence is well defined as the general factor underlying a battery of cognitive tests. Today, the scientific consensus is that [[genetics]] does explain at least part of the differences in IQ test performance between groups {{sfn|Rindermann|2020}}.
-Pseudoscientific claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have played a central role in the history of scientific racism. The first tests showing differences in IQ scores between different population groups in the United States were the tests of United States Army recruits in World War I. In the 1920s, groups of eugenics lobbyists argued that these results demonstrated that African Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon white people, and that this was due to innate biological differences. In turn, they used such beliefs to justify policies of racial segregation. However, other studies soon appeared, contesting these conclusions and arguing instead that the Army tests had not adequately controlled for environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational inequality between black people and white people. Later observations of phenomena such as the Flynn effect and disparities in access to prenatal care also highlighted ways in which environmental factors affect group IQ differences. In recent decades, as understanding of human genetics has advanced, claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have been broadly rejected by scientists on both theoretical and empirical grounds.
+The history of race and intelligence goes back to the early 20th century. The first tests showing differences in IQ scores between different population groups in the United States were the tests of [[United States Army]] recruits in World War I. In the 1920s, groups of [[eugenics]] lobbyists argued that these results demonstrated that African Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon white people, and that this was due to innate biological differences. In turn, they used such beliefs to justify policies of [[racial segregation]]. No environmental factors which are exogenous to genetics have been found to significantly impact racial IQ. Phenomena such as the [[Flynn effect]] impact the races equally within the US. In recent decades, as understanding of human genetics has advanced, claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have been broadly verified by scientists on both [[theoretical]] and [[empirical]] grounds.
+===References===
+{{Reflist}}
+=== Bibliography ===
+{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
+*{{Cite journal |last1=Rindermann | first=Heiner |title=Survey of expert opinion on intelligence: Intelligence research, experts' background, controversial issues, and the media |publisher=Intelligence |year=2020 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406}}
+*{{Cite journal |last1=Kirkegaard| first=Emil|title=Genetic ancestry and social race are nearly interchangeable |publisher=OpenPsych |year=2021|doi=10.26775/OP.2021.12.22}}
+{{refend}}

Race and intelligence: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:51, 11 December 2023

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